NUR 641 E FINAL PAPER Q&A: 2026 STUDY
GUIDE 100% CORRECT TESTED QUESTIONS
◍ The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is.
Answer: Intravenous, putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and
bypassing absorption
◍ Intravenous route avoids. Answer: First-pass metabolism in the
liver
◍ Rectal administration has. Answer: variable and erratic absorption
◍ Steady State (SS) is usually reached within. Answer: 4-5 half-lives
of a drug
◍ Half-life of a drug is. Answer: How long it takes for the drug to be
excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
◍ First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means. Answer: The
metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the
drug
,◍ Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means. Answer: A drug is
metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
◍ CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if. Answer:
Any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it
◍ Drug development process involves these steps according to the
FDA. Answer: a: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new
drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication
pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually
in a population for which the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept
medications or placebo for efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier
clinical studies (Phase 4)
,◍ Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), the Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations (JCAHO). Answer: a: The Institute for Safe Medication
Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting
and Prevention (NCC MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◍ Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Answer:
Pharmacological and Idiosyncratic
◍ Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological.
Answer: 85%-90%
◍ Adverse drug reactions are usually. Answer: Preventable,
frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include
medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and idiosyncratic
type reactions
, ◍ Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported. Answer: No, ADRs
are not commonly reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be
reported
◍ Polypharmacy. Answer: Involves using multiple health care
providers for care, using multiple medications, and using several
pharmacies for prescription filling
◍ Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Answer:
Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
◍ How ACEI reduce blood pressure. Answer: ACEI reduce blood
pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme
◍ Important side effects of ACEI include. Answer: Cough and
angioedema, discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occur
◍ Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs). Answer:
Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro),
Losartan (Cozaar), Telmisartan (Micardis) and Valsartan (Diovan).
◍ How ARBs reduce blood pressure. Answer: ARBs reduce blood
pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors
◍ Essential (primary) hypertension accounts for. Answer: accounts
for 90% of cases
GUIDE 100% CORRECT TESTED QUESTIONS
◍ The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is.
Answer: Intravenous, putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and
bypassing absorption
◍ Intravenous route avoids. Answer: First-pass metabolism in the
liver
◍ Rectal administration has. Answer: variable and erratic absorption
◍ Steady State (SS) is usually reached within. Answer: 4-5 half-lives
of a drug
◍ Half-life of a drug is. Answer: How long it takes for the drug to be
excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
◍ First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means. Answer: The
metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the
drug
,◍ Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means. Answer: A drug is
metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
◍ CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if. Answer:
Any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it
◍ Drug development process involves these steps according to the
FDA. Answer: a: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new
drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication
pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually
in a population for which the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept
medications or placebo for efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier
clinical studies (Phase 4)
,◍ Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), the Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations (JCAHO). Answer: a: The Institute for Safe Medication
Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting
and Prevention (NCC MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◍ Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Answer:
Pharmacological and Idiosyncratic
◍ Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological.
Answer: 85%-90%
◍ Adverse drug reactions are usually. Answer: Preventable,
frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include
medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and idiosyncratic
type reactions
, ◍ Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported. Answer: No, ADRs
are not commonly reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be
reported
◍ Polypharmacy. Answer: Involves using multiple health care
providers for care, using multiple medications, and using several
pharmacies for prescription filling
◍ Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Answer:
Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
◍ How ACEI reduce blood pressure. Answer: ACEI reduce blood
pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme
◍ Important side effects of ACEI include. Answer: Cough and
angioedema, discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occur
◍ Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs). Answer:
Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro),
Losartan (Cozaar), Telmisartan (Micardis) and Valsartan (Diovan).
◍ How ARBs reduce blood pressure. Answer: ARBs reduce blood
pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors
◍ Essential (primary) hypertension accounts for. Answer: accounts
for 90% of cases
