NUTR 400 UNH Module 2 Questions and Verified
Answers
What are the levels of organization of the human body? Correct Answer: Chemical,
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Chemical Level (of the human body) Correct Answer: the atom is the smallest
portion of which an element can be divided into and still retain the properties of
that element. Teo or more atoms together forma. molecule. Many molecules come
together to form complex structures like glycogen and proteins
Atoms are the most stable when the valence shell (outermost shell) contains how
many electrons? Correct Answer: 8 electrons
An element is Correct Answer: a pure substance made up of only one type of atom
Ions are... Correct Answer: atoms that have lost or gained an electron and thus have
a net positive or negative charge (cations and anions)
Redox Reactions (reduction oxidation) Correct Answer: oxidation is when molecule
A transfers its electrons to molecule B. We then say that molecule A is oxidized.
When molecule B receives those electrons we call it a reduction.
Free radicals Correct Answer: molecules with unpaired electrons. This makes them
more susceptible to bonding and reactions with other atoms.
Antioxidants Correct Answer: their main effect is protecting the body against free
radicals. They do this by donating an electron because they will not become
unstable when transferring electrons
What damage do free radicals cause? Correct Answer: Free radicals cause damage to
proteins, DNA, lipids, etc. They bring on oxidative stress which can cause in rapid
aging, heart disease, cancer, arthitis, and neurodegenerative disease.
,Chemical bonds are formed by...? Correct Answer: the transfer or sharing of
electrons
An ionic bond is a bond in which the electrons are...? Correct Answer: transfered
A covalent bond is a bind in which the electrons are...? Correct Answer: shared
between atoms
nonpolar covalent bond Correct Answer: a covalent bond in which the electrons are
SHARED EQUALLY by the two atoms
polar covalent bonds Correct Answer: a covalent bond in which the electrons are
SHARED UNEQUALLY by the two atoms
Hydrophilic molecules Correct Answer: polar molecules; love water! they will
dissolve in water ex: water soluble vitamins (vitamin B and vitamin C)
Hydrophobic molecules Correct Answer: non-polar molecules; they do not like
water! they will not readily dissolve in water ex: fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
Acid Correct Answer: higher concentration of hydrogen ions
Base Correct Answer: lower concentration of hydrogen ions
pH scale Correct Answer: a scale from 0-14 with 0 being the most acidic and 14
being the most basic
Buffering Systems
Their function?
Found where?
Prevents ? Correct Answer: buffers resist changes in pH within the blood. They are
found in the blood, the kidneys, and the lungs. Buffers resist acidosis and or
alkalosis.
, Acidosis increases... Correct Answer: the concentration of hydrogen ions, causing
headache, loss of appetite, starvation, and diabetes
Alkalosis increases Correct Answer: basic concentration, brought on by excessive
vomiting, the overuse of laxatives/diuretics, and hyperventilating
Homeostasis refers to Correct Answer: a state of equilibrium or balance
Cell Membrane Correct Answer: provides protection to the cell
The Smooth ER does what Correct Answer: synthesizes lipids
The Rough ER does what Correct Answer: Makes proteins
What do Lysosomes do Correct Answer: they clear toxins from the cell
What is the function of the cytoplasm Correct Answer: it is a jelly like substance
where chemical reactions occur int he cell and also has some protection properties
What does the nucleus of the cell do? Correct Answer: the nucleus of the cell
controls the rest of the cell. It also stores the DNA
What is the function of the mitochondria Correct Answer: energy production in the
cell
Passive Transport Mechanisms Correct Answer: NO ATP; simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
Active Transport Mechanisms Correct Answer: REQUIRES ATP; carrier mediated
active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis
Epithelial Tissue Correct Answer: covers and lines body surfaces, organs and cavities
Connective tissue Correct Answer: provides structure to the body by binding and
anchoring body parts
Answers
What are the levels of organization of the human body? Correct Answer: Chemical,
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Chemical Level (of the human body) Correct Answer: the atom is the smallest
portion of which an element can be divided into and still retain the properties of
that element. Teo or more atoms together forma. molecule. Many molecules come
together to form complex structures like glycogen and proteins
Atoms are the most stable when the valence shell (outermost shell) contains how
many electrons? Correct Answer: 8 electrons
An element is Correct Answer: a pure substance made up of only one type of atom
Ions are... Correct Answer: atoms that have lost or gained an electron and thus have
a net positive or negative charge (cations and anions)
Redox Reactions (reduction oxidation) Correct Answer: oxidation is when molecule
A transfers its electrons to molecule B. We then say that molecule A is oxidized.
When molecule B receives those electrons we call it a reduction.
Free radicals Correct Answer: molecules with unpaired electrons. This makes them
more susceptible to bonding and reactions with other atoms.
Antioxidants Correct Answer: their main effect is protecting the body against free
radicals. They do this by donating an electron because they will not become
unstable when transferring electrons
What damage do free radicals cause? Correct Answer: Free radicals cause damage to
proteins, DNA, lipids, etc. They bring on oxidative stress which can cause in rapid
aging, heart disease, cancer, arthitis, and neurodegenerative disease.
,Chemical bonds are formed by...? Correct Answer: the transfer or sharing of
electrons
An ionic bond is a bond in which the electrons are...? Correct Answer: transfered
A covalent bond is a bind in which the electrons are...? Correct Answer: shared
between atoms
nonpolar covalent bond Correct Answer: a covalent bond in which the electrons are
SHARED EQUALLY by the two atoms
polar covalent bonds Correct Answer: a covalent bond in which the electrons are
SHARED UNEQUALLY by the two atoms
Hydrophilic molecules Correct Answer: polar molecules; love water! they will
dissolve in water ex: water soluble vitamins (vitamin B and vitamin C)
Hydrophobic molecules Correct Answer: non-polar molecules; they do not like
water! they will not readily dissolve in water ex: fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
Acid Correct Answer: higher concentration of hydrogen ions
Base Correct Answer: lower concentration of hydrogen ions
pH scale Correct Answer: a scale from 0-14 with 0 being the most acidic and 14
being the most basic
Buffering Systems
Their function?
Found where?
Prevents ? Correct Answer: buffers resist changes in pH within the blood. They are
found in the blood, the kidneys, and the lungs. Buffers resist acidosis and or
alkalosis.
, Acidosis increases... Correct Answer: the concentration of hydrogen ions, causing
headache, loss of appetite, starvation, and diabetes
Alkalosis increases Correct Answer: basic concentration, brought on by excessive
vomiting, the overuse of laxatives/diuretics, and hyperventilating
Homeostasis refers to Correct Answer: a state of equilibrium or balance
Cell Membrane Correct Answer: provides protection to the cell
The Smooth ER does what Correct Answer: synthesizes lipids
The Rough ER does what Correct Answer: Makes proteins
What do Lysosomes do Correct Answer: they clear toxins from the cell
What is the function of the cytoplasm Correct Answer: it is a jelly like substance
where chemical reactions occur int he cell and also has some protection properties
What does the nucleus of the cell do? Correct Answer: the nucleus of the cell
controls the rest of the cell. It also stores the DNA
What is the function of the mitochondria Correct Answer: energy production in the
cell
Passive Transport Mechanisms Correct Answer: NO ATP; simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
Active Transport Mechanisms Correct Answer: REQUIRES ATP; carrier mediated
active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis
Epithelial Tissue Correct Answer: covers and lines body surfaces, organs and cavities
Connective tissue Correct Answer: provides structure to the body by binding and
anchoring body parts
