Nu 327 Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions And Answers

NU 327 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Normal RBC Count - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Female = 4.2-5.4

Male = 4.5-6.2



Normal WBC Count - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Female = 4,500-11,000

Male = 5,000-10,000



Normal Hematocrit - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Female = 37-47%

Male = 42-52%



Normal Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Female = 12-16

Male = 14-18



Normal Sodium (Na+) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Adults = 135-145 mEq/L



Normal Potassium (K+) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Adults = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L



Normal Total Cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅<200 mg/dL



Normal HDLs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Female >55 mg/dL

Male >45 mg/dL

(these are protective levels)



Normal LDLs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Beneficial <100 mg/dL

Harmful >160 mg/dL



Normal Troponin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅<0.01 ng/mL

,Normal BNP - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅<100 indicates no Heart Failure



Normal Ejection Fraction (EF) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅60-80%



Normal Creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Female = 0.5-1.1 mg/dL

Male = 0.6-1.2 mg/dL

(reflects GFR for renal function)



Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅10-20 mg/dL

(indirect measure of overall hydration)



Normal pH Range - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅7.35-7.45



Absolute pH - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅7.4



Normal PaCO2 Range - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅35-45 mmHg

(acid)



Normal HCO3- Range (Bicarb.) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅22-26 mEq/L

(base)



Normal PaO2 Range - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅80-100 mmHg



Normal SaO2 Range - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅95-100%



Normal Blood Pressure Range - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅120/80-140/90

,Normal V/Q Ratio - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅V = 4 L/min

Q = 5 L/min

V/Q = 0.8



Central Nervous System (CNS)

Components & Functions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- composed of brain + spinal cord bathed in
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

- receives and processes sensory information and creates responses to be relayed to muscles/glands

- the site of emotion, memory, cognition, learning

- protected by the skull & vertebrae, CSF, blood-brain barrier, meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater,
pia mater)



Cerebrum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- largest part of the brain

- sensory & motor activities

- motor coordination

- R & L hemispheres

- 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)



Cerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- beneath the cerebrum, base of the brain

- coordinates muscle movements

- controls posture

- maintains equilibrium



Brain Stem - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla

- pupillary reflexes and eye movements

- respirations

- cardiac, vasomotor functions



Spinal Cord - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- extends from the brain to second lumbar vertebrae

, - 2-way conduction between brain and PNS

- gray matter - neuron cell bodies

- white matter - nerve tracts



Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Composition & Functions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- messages transmitted through the spinal cord reach
their target organs through the PNS

- 31 pairs of spinal nerves

- 12 pairs of cranial nerves



Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Composition & Functions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- composed of the Sympathetic NS and the
Parasympathetic NS

- digestion, respirations, cardiovascular, supports homeostasis



Sympathetic Nervous System

Functions & Effects - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- speeds up

- adrenergic catecholamines norepinephrine

- dilates pupil

- inhibits flow of saliva

- accelerates heartbeat

- dilates bronchi

- inhibits peristalsis and secretion

- conversion of glycogen to glucose

- secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline

- inhibits bladder contraction



Parasympathetic Nervous System

Functions & Effects - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- slows down