BSC 101 EXAM 3 WODIKA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
structure of a typical viral particle - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Have nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which is
surrounded by a capsid (protein)
all viruses include - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅nucleic acid and glycoproteins
how does a virus infect a cell - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1. virus becomes attached to a target epithelial
cell
2. cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis
3. viral contents are released, viral RNA enters the nucleus where it is replicated by the viral RNA
polymerase
4. viral mRNA is used to make viral proteins
5. new viral particles are made and released outside of the cell and the cell continues to make more
why is a virus not "alive" - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅It needs a host
why can't you treat viral infections with antibiotics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅viruses have different
structures and replicate in a different way than bacteria
different types of innate immunity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅skin, hair, cilia, mucus membranes, digestive
enzymes, stomach acidity, inflammatory response (all prevents infection)
primary response - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅at the first encounter with a pathogen, the immune repsonse
is weak
secondary response - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅at later encounters with the same pathogen, there is a full
immune response preventing symptoms because white blood cells bonds with proteins to recognize
antigens and memory cells remember
vaccines - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅mimics exposure to a pathogen so the immune system recognizes it in
case the body comes in contact with it
, antigens - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅foreign protein or molecules that begin an immune response and
stimulates the production of antibodies
innate vs adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅innate - a person's genetically predetermined
resistance adaptive - ability of the body to react
herd immunity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the resistance to the spread of a disease in a population due to
a high proportion of individuals being vaxxed
why should everyone who is medically capable get vaxxed - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅when herd immunity
is low, diseases can come back
fats - how and where they are digested - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅hydrophobic chains of H and C are
digested by enzymes in the small intestine
types of fats - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅saturated - max number of H
unsaturated - double bonds w C
triglycerides - unsat or sat, can be replaced by phosphate
phospholipids - makes up all cell membranes
cholesterol - hormones for reproduction
carbohydrates - how and where they are digested - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅repeated simple sugar units
that are chemically digested in the small intestine by enzymes and remaining carbs are absorbed into
the blood for fuel for cellular respiration
proteins - how and where they are digested - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅repeated amino acid units that are
chemically digested in the stomach by pepsin (stomach acid) and then in the small intestine by enzymes
chemical digestion - site and function - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅enzymatic digestion, enzymes break
down subunits of the macromolecule via chemical reactions
structure of a typical viral particle - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Have nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which is
surrounded by a capsid (protein)
all viruses include - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅nucleic acid and glycoproteins
how does a virus infect a cell - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1. virus becomes attached to a target epithelial
cell
2. cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis
3. viral contents are released, viral RNA enters the nucleus where it is replicated by the viral RNA
polymerase
4. viral mRNA is used to make viral proteins
5. new viral particles are made and released outside of the cell and the cell continues to make more
why is a virus not "alive" - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅It needs a host
why can't you treat viral infections with antibiotics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅viruses have different
structures and replicate in a different way than bacteria
different types of innate immunity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅skin, hair, cilia, mucus membranes, digestive
enzymes, stomach acidity, inflammatory response (all prevents infection)
primary response - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅at the first encounter with a pathogen, the immune repsonse
is weak
secondary response - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅at later encounters with the same pathogen, there is a full
immune response preventing symptoms because white blood cells bonds with proteins to recognize
antigens and memory cells remember
vaccines - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅mimics exposure to a pathogen so the immune system recognizes it in
case the body comes in contact with it
, antigens - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅foreign protein or molecules that begin an immune response and
stimulates the production of antibodies
innate vs adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅innate - a person's genetically predetermined
resistance adaptive - ability of the body to react
herd immunity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the resistance to the spread of a disease in a population due to
a high proportion of individuals being vaxxed
why should everyone who is medically capable get vaxxed - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅when herd immunity
is low, diseases can come back
fats - how and where they are digested - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅hydrophobic chains of H and C are
digested by enzymes in the small intestine
types of fats - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅saturated - max number of H
unsaturated - double bonds w C
triglycerides - unsat or sat, can be replaced by phosphate
phospholipids - makes up all cell membranes
cholesterol - hormones for reproduction
carbohydrates - how and where they are digested - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅repeated simple sugar units
that are chemically digested in the small intestine by enzymes and remaining carbs are absorbed into
the blood for fuel for cellular respiration
proteins - how and where they are digested - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅repeated amino acid units that are
chemically digested in the stomach by pepsin (stomach acid) and then in the small intestine by enzymes
chemical digestion - site and function - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅enzymatic digestion, enzymes break
down subunits of the macromolecule via chemical reactions
