Page 1?? Exam Q&A 2026/2027 | #Newest Page 1 of 101 ::Detailed Rationales, Study Guide & Review Notes |1
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Chapter 7 bio Anatomy Science quiz
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Terms in this set (1842)
resolution differentiate close objects
magnification increase size
eyepiece magnification 10x
objective magnification 4x,10x,20x, 100x
-all living things composed of cells
-cell=basic functional unit of life
Cell Theory
-cells from other cells only
-cells have DNA (parent-->daughter cells)
total magnification eyepiece x objective
controls light
diaphragm (microscope)
image contrast
-commonly used dye
hematoxylin
-shows nucleic acids (DNA,RNA)
how does the dye hematoxylin binds to the negative sugar-phosphate backbone
show nucleic acids?
-living organisms
phase contrast microscope -differences in refractive indices among different subcellular
structures
-atomic level
electron microscope -samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy
metals for contrast
prokaryotes before nuclei (no nuclei)
eukaryotes after nuclei
types of prokaryotes bacteria and blue-green algae
Page 1 of 101 Page 1 of 101 Page 1 of 101
,Page 2?? Exam Q&A 2026/2027 | #Newest Page 2 of 101 ::Detailed Rationales, Study Guide & Review Notes |2
-unicellular
-no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
prokaryote characteristics
-cell wall in all
-ability to carry other pieces of DNA
What type of genetic material is -single circle molecule of DNA
present within prokaryotes? -within nucleoid region
-circular DNA
-small
plasmids
-few genes
-replicate independently
cocci spherical bacteria
bacilli rod-shaped bacteria
how do antibacterials work? tend to attack bacterial specific structures
-protists, fungi, plants, and animals
-cell walls in fungi and plants
Eukaryote characteristics
-nucleus
-unicellular or multicellular
-actin filaments
cytoskeleton proteins -intermediate filaments
-microtubules
Smallest cytoskeleton proteins actin filaments
largest cytoskeleton proteins microtubules
-hydrophobic nonpolar tail
phospholipid bilayer -hydrophilic polar head
-cholesterol molecules
purpose of cholesterol in regulate fluidity
phospholipid bilayer
-control entry/exit
transport proteins
-polar molecules and ions allowed through
-CAMs
cell adhesion molecule purpose -allow cells to recognize each other
-proper cell differentiation and development
-double membrane
nucleus membrane
-nuclear membrane/envelope
purpose of nucleolus ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)
-protein production
Ribosomes
-free and bound types
Endoplasmic Reticulum -production and sorting of materials from cell
smooth ER purpose lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons
rough ER purpose protein production
Golgi structure membrane bound sacs
-receives from smooth ER
golgi purpose
-repackages to cell surface via secretory vescicles
Page 2 of 101 Page 2 of 101 Page 2 of 101
,Page 3?? Exam Q&A 2026/2027 | #Newest Page 3 of 101 ::Detailed Rationales, Study Guide & Review Notes |3
-'garbage dumps'
-receives from endosomes
-uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH
lysosomes
-break down materials
-remove old cell components and replace
-can cause autolysis
autolysis cell suicide
powerhouse
-2 layers
mitochondria
-semi-autonomous
-inherited only from the mother
outer-walls
2 layers of mitochondria
inner-electron transport chain
what is the purpose of cristae increase surface area
on mitochondria?
own genes
semi-autonomous
-replicate independently
-peroxisomes
types of microbodies
-glyoxysomes
-create hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes -break down fats
-catalyze detox
-germinating plants
glyoxysomes
-convert fats to sugars
-in plants and algae
-powerhouse
chloroplasts -contain chlorophyll
-generation of energy
-own DNA
plant cell wall composition cellulose
fungi cell wall composition chitin
animal cell wall composition no cell wall!!
-specialized microtubules
-spindle formation
centrioles
-no membrane
-in animals not in plants
-rods of actin
microfilaments -muscular contraction with interaction with myosin
-movement of materials within cell membrane
-hollow
-polymers of tubulin
microtubules -throughout cell
-transport and structural support
-structural basis for cilia and flagella
intermediate fillaments integrity of cytoskeleton
-water movement
osmosis
-low solute to high solute
Page 3 of 101 Page 3 of 101 Page 3 of 101
, Page 4?? Exam Q&A 2026/2027 | #Newest Page 4 of 101 ::Detailed Rationales, Study Guide & Review Notes |4
-solute inside of cell greater than surrounding
hypotonic solution
-causes cell to swell
hypertonic solution -solute inside of cell less than surrounding
-large
What types of materials are
-polar
impermeable to membrane?
-charged
pinocytosis endocytosis of fluids and small particles
phagocytosis ingestion of large molecules
-small
Molecules through simple
-nonpolar
diffusion
-e.g. O2, CO2
-large
Molecules through facilitated
-nonpolar
diffusion
-e.g. glucose
-polar
Molecules through active
-ions
transport
-e.g. Na+,Cl-,K+
-cover body
Epithelial tissue -line cavities
-protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation
-supports body
connective tissue
-bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood
-cell signaling
nervous tissue
-coordinated control
muscle tissue -skeletal, smooth, cardiac
-acellular
-nucleic acids with protein coat
viruses characteristics
-has capsid
-
-circular or linear
genetic info of viruses -single or double stranded
-DNA or RNA
obligate intracellular parasites express and replicate within a cell
virions new copies of DNA
capsid protein coat
-viruses that target bacteria
Bacteriophages
-inject genetics only not entire body
endothermic requires energy (heat)
exothermic gives off energy (heat)
-lower activation energy
-increase rate
enzymes -does not change ΔG or ΔH
-not changed or consumes
-very specific
Page 4 of 101 Page 4 of 101 Page 4 of 101
MMM
MCAT
21 studiers today 4.6 (74 reviews)
Saved
Students also studied
Flashcard sets Study guides
Chapter 7 bio Anatomy Science quiz
31 terms 126 terms 29 terms
miccon40 Preview ILOVEBIGSCHOOL Preview emreigh_hitchings
Terms in this set (1842)
resolution differentiate close objects
magnification increase size
eyepiece magnification 10x
objective magnification 4x,10x,20x, 100x
-all living things composed of cells
-cell=basic functional unit of life
Cell Theory
-cells from other cells only
-cells have DNA (parent-->daughter cells)
total magnification eyepiece x objective
controls light
diaphragm (microscope)
image contrast
-commonly used dye
hematoxylin
-shows nucleic acids (DNA,RNA)
how does the dye hematoxylin binds to the negative sugar-phosphate backbone
show nucleic acids?
-living organisms
phase contrast microscope -differences in refractive indices among different subcellular
structures
-atomic level
electron microscope -samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy
metals for contrast
prokaryotes before nuclei (no nuclei)
eukaryotes after nuclei
types of prokaryotes bacteria and blue-green algae
Page 1 of 101 Page 1 of 101 Page 1 of 101
,Page 2?? Exam Q&A 2026/2027 | #Newest Page 2 of 101 ::Detailed Rationales, Study Guide & Review Notes |2
-unicellular
-no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
prokaryote characteristics
-cell wall in all
-ability to carry other pieces of DNA
What type of genetic material is -single circle molecule of DNA
present within prokaryotes? -within nucleoid region
-circular DNA
-small
plasmids
-few genes
-replicate independently
cocci spherical bacteria
bacilli rod-shaped bacteria
how do antibacterials work? tend to attack bacterial specific structures
-protists, fungi, plants, and animals
-cell walls in fungi and plants
Eukaryote characteristics
-nucleus
-unicellular or multicellular
-actin filaments
cytoskeleton proteins -intermediate filaments
-microtubules
Smallest cytoskeleton proteins actin filaments
largest cytoskeleton proteins microtubules
-hydrophobic nonpolar tail
phospholipid bilayer -hydrophilic polar head
-cholesterol molecules
purpose of cholesterol in regulate fluidity
phospholipid bilayer
-control entry/exit
transport proteins
-polar molecules and ions allowed through
-CAMs
cell adhesion molecule purpose -allow cells to recognize each other
-proper cell differentiation and development
-double membrane
nucleus membrane
-nuclear membrane/envelope
purpose of nucleolus ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)
-protein production
Ribosomes
-free and bound types
Endoplasmic Reticulum -production and sorting of materials from cell
smooth ER purpose lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons
rough ER purpose protein production
Golgi structure membrane bound sacs
-receives from smooth ER
golgi purpose
-repackages to cell surface via secretory vescicles
Page 2 of 101 Page 2 of 101 Page 2 of 101
,Page 3?? Exam Q&A 2026/2027 | #Newest Page 3 of 101 ::Detailed Rationales, Study Guide & Review Notes |3
-'garbage dumps'
-receives from endosomes
-uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH
lysosomes
-break down materials
-remove old cell components and replace
-can cause autolysis
autolysis cell suicide
powerhouse
-2 layers
mitochondria
-semi-autonomous
-inherited only from the mother
outer-walls
2 layers of mitochondria
inner-electron transport chain
what is the purpose of cristae increase surface area
on mitochondria?
own genes
semi-autonomous
-replicate independently
-peroxisomes
types of microbodies
-glyoxysomes
-create hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes -break down fats
-catalyze detox
-germinating plants
glyoxysomes
-convert fats to sugars
-in plants and algae
-powerhouse
chloroplasts -contain chlorophyll
-generation of energy
-own DNA
plant cell wall composition cellulose
fungi cell wall composition chitin
animal cell wall composition no cell wall!!
-specialized microtubules
-spindle formation
centrioles
-no membrane
-in animals not in plants
-rods of actin
microfilaments -muscular contraction with interaction with myosin
-movement of materials within cell membrane
-hollow
-polymers of tubulin
microtubules -throughout cell
-transport and structural support
-structural basis for cilia and flagella
intermediate fillaments integrity of cytoskeleton
-water movement
osmosis
-low solute to high solute
Page 3 of 101 Page 3 of 101 Page 3 of 101
, Page 4?? Exam Q&A 2026/2027 | #Newest Page 4 of 101 ::Detailed Rationales, Study Guide & Review Notes |4
-solute inside of cell greater than surrounding
hypotonic solution
-causes cell to swell
hypertonic solution -solute inside of cell less than surrounding
-large
What types of materials are
-polar
impermeable to membrane?
-charged
pinocytosis endocytosis of fluids and small particles
phagocytosis ingestion of large molecules
-small
Molecules through simple
-nonpolar
diffusion
-e.g. O2, CO2
-large
Molecules through facilitated
-nonpolar
diffusion
-e.g. glucose
-polar
Molecules through active
-ions
transport
-e.g. Na+,Cl-,K+
-cover body
Epithelial tissue -line cavities
-protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation
-supports body
connective tissue
-bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood
-cell signaling
nervous tissue
-coordinated control
muscle tissue -skeletal, smooth, cardiac
-acellular
-nucleic acids with protein coat
viruses characteristics
-has capsid
-
-circular or linear
genetic info of viruses -single or double stranded
-DNA or RNA
obligate intracellular parasites express and replicate within a cell
virions new copies of DNA
capsid protein coat
-viruses that target bacteria
Bacteriophages
-inject genetics only not entire body
endothermic requires energy (heat)
exothermic gives off energy (heat)
-lower activation energy
-increase rate
enzymes -does not change ΔG or ΔH
-not changed or consumes
-very specific
Page 4 of 101 Page 4 of 101 Page 4 of 101
