CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY| VERIFIED
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS| LATEST REVIEW
2025/2026
Immunology -CORRECT ANSWER Study of a host's reactions when foreign
substances are introduced into the body
Antigens -CORRECT ANSWER Foreign substances that induce a host
response
Immunity -CORRECT ANSWER The condition of being resistant to infection
Edward Jenner -CORRECT ANSWER Successfully prevented infection with
smallpox by injecting a more harmless substance- cowpox from a disease
affecting cows
Louis Pasteur -CORRECT ANSWER Father of immunology- observed by
chance that older bacterial cultures would not cause diseases in chickens (first
attenuated vaccine)
Used attenuation to prevent rabies in affected individuals
Attenuation -CORRECT ANSWER Change- make a pathogen less virulent
(heat, aging, or chemical means)
Phagocytes -CORRECT ANSWER Cells that eat- part of natural or innate host
defense
humoral immunity -CORRECT ANSWER specific immunity produced by B
cells (plasma cells) that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
,Antibodies -CORRECT ANSWER Serum proteins produced by certain
lymphocytes when exposed to a foreign substance and they react specifically
with that foreign substance
Innate (natural) immunity -CORRECT ANSWER The individual's ability to
resist infection by means of normally present body functions
Adaptive immunity -CORRECT ANSWER Type of resistance that is
characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent,
and the ability to remember a prior exposure
increased response to that pathogen upon repeated exposure
Leukocytes -CORRECT ANSWER White blood cells in the peripheral blood
that play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity
5 principal types of leukocytes in peripheral blood -CORRECT ANSWER
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
Innate immune cells in periphery -CORRECT ANSWER Neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
Adaptive immune cells in periphery -CORRECT ANSWER Lymphocytes
Tissue cell lines -CORRECT ANSWER Mast cells, macrophages, and
dendritic cells
All blood cells arise from a type of cell -CORRECT ANSWER Hematopoietic
stem cell (HSC)
,HSC gives rise to two distinct types of precursor cells: -CORRECT ANSWER
Common myeloid precursors (CMP) and Common lymphoid precursors (CLP)
The common myeloid precursor gives rise to: -CORRECT ANSWER
Phagocytic cells: Monocytes/Macrophages, Neutrophils, Eosinophils,
Basophils, Erythrocytes, Platelets
The common lymphoid precursor gives rise to: -CORRECT ANSWER T/NK
progenitors (T and NK cells) and B cell progenitors (B cell and dendritic cells)
Neutrophils -CORRECT ANSWER Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte
50-75% of total peripheral WBCs in adults
Azurophilic or primary granules -CORRECT ANSWER Contains
antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-
3, cathepsin G, and defensins
secondary granules -CORRECT ANSWER Lysozyme, lactoferrin,
collagenase, gelatinase, and respiratory burst components
Diapedesis -CORRECT ANSWER Passage of white blood cells through intact
vessel walls into tissue
Chemotaxins -CORRECT ANSWER chemical messengers that cause cells to
migrate in a particular direction
Eosinophils -CORRECT ANSWER 1-3% of the circulating WBCs in a
nonallergic person
, Eosinophil granules -CORRECT ANSWER Catalase, lysozyme, cytokines
(chemical messengers), growth factors, and cationic proteins
Role of eosinophils -CORRECT ANSWER Attack parasites and toxic proteins
and allergic responses. Regulation of mast cell function
Basophil -CORRECT ANSWER <1% in peripheral blood
Short lifespan
Basophil granules -CORRECT ANSWER histamine, cytokines, growth
factors, and heparin
Function of histamine -CORRECT ANSWER Contracts smooth muscle
Basophil function -CORRECT ANSWER Regulate T helper cell responses and
stimulate B cells to produce IgE
Monocytes -CORRECT ANSWER Largest cells in peripheral blood
4-10% of total circulating WBCs
up to 30h and migrate into tissue to become macrophages
Monocytes granules -CORRECT ANSWER 1- peroxidase, acid phosphatase,
arylsulfatase
2- B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, lipase
Macrophages -CORRECT ANSWER Tissue monocytes
Contain no peroxidase
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS| LATEST REVIEW
2025/2026
Immunology -CORRECT ANSWER Study of a host's reactions when foreign
substances are introduced into the body
Antigens -CORRECT ANSWER Foreign substances that induce a host
response
Immunity -CORRECT ANSWER The condition of being resistant to infection
Edward Jenner -CORRECT ANSWER Successfully prevented infection with
smallpox by injecting a more harmless substance- cowpox from a disease
affecting cows
Louis Pasteur -CORRECT ANSWER Father of immunology- observed by
chance that older bacterial cultures would not cause diseases in chickens (first
attenuated vaccine)
Used attenuation to prevent rabies in affected individuals
Attenuation -CORRECT ANSWER Change- make a pathogen less virulent
(heat, aging, or chemical means)
Phagocytes -CORRECT ANSWER Cells that eat- part of natural or innate host
defense
humoral immunity -CORRECT ANSWER specific immunity produced by B
cells (plasma cells) that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
,Antibodies -CORRECT ANSWER Serum proteins produced by certain
lymphocytes when exposed to a foreign substance and they react specifically
with that foreign substance
Innate (natural) immunity -CORRECT ANSWER The individual's ability to
resist infection by means of normally present body functions
Adaptive immunity -CORRECT ANSWER Type of resistance that is
characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent,
and the ability to remember a prior exposure
increased response to that pathogen upon repeated exposure
Leukocytes -CORRECT ANSWER White blood cells in the peripheral blood
that play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity
5 principal types of leukocytes in peripheral blood -CORRECT ANSWER
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
Innate immune cells in periphery -CORRECT ANSWER Neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
Adaptive immune cells in periphery -CORRECT ANSWER Lymphocytes
Tissue cell lines -CORRECT ANSWER Mast cells, macrophages, and
dendritic cells
All blood cells arise from a type of cell -CORRECT ANSWER Hematopoietic
stem cell (HSC)
,HSC gives rise to two distinct types of precursor cells: -CORRECT ANSWER
Common myeloid precursors (CMP) and Common lymphoid precursors (CLP)
The common myeloid precursor gives rise to: -CORRECT ANSWER
Phagocytic cells: Monocytes/Macrophages, Neutrophils, Eosinophils,
Basophils, Erythrocytes, Platelets
The common lymphoid precursor gives rise to: -CORRECT ANSWER T/NK
progenitors (T and NK cells) and B cell progenitors (B cell and dendritic cells)
Neutrophils -CORRECT ANSWER Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte
50-75% of total peripheral WBCs in adults
Azurophilic or primary granules -CORRECT ANSWER Contains
antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-
3, cathepsin G, and defensins
secondary granules -CORRECT ANSWER Lysozyme, lactoferrin,
collagenase, gelatinase, and respiratory burst components
Diapedesis -CORRECT ANSWER Passage of white blood cells through intact
vessel walls into tissue
Chemotaxins -CORRECT ANSWER chemical messengers that cause cells to
migrate in a particular direction
Eosinophils -CORRECT ANSWER 1-3% of the circulating WBCs in a
nonallergic person
, Eosinophil granules -CORRECT ANSWER Catalase, lysozyme, cytokines
(chemical messengers), growth factors, and cationic proteins
Role of eosinophils -CORRECT ANSWER Attack parasites and toxic proteins
and allergic responses. Regulation of mast cell function
Basophil -CORRECT ANSWER <1% in peripheral blood
Short lifespan
Basophil granules -CORRECT ANSWER histamine, cytokines, growth
factors, and heparin
Function of histamine -CORRECT ANSWER Contracts smooth muscle
Basophil function -CORRECT ANSWER Regulate T helper cell responses and
stimulate B cells to produce IgE
Monocytes -CORRECT ANSWER Largest cells in peripheral blood
4-10% of total circulating WBCs
up to 30h and migrate into tissue to become macrophages
Monocytes granules -CORRECT ANSWER 1- peroxidase, acid phosphatase,
arylsulfatase
2- B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, lipase
Macrophages -CORRECT ANSWER Tissue monocytes
Contain no peroxidase
