WGU C190 INTRO TO BIOLOGY COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS (PASS GUARANTEE)
1. What is the cell theory? All living organisms are composed of one or more
cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
2. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, while
eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
3. What is the function of the cell membrane? The cell membrane regulates
what enters and exits the cell, provides protection, and maintains cell shape
through selective permeability.
4. What is the function of mitochondria? Mitochondria are the powerhouses
of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration to provide energy for
cellular processes.
5. What is the function of ribosomes? Ribosomes synthesize proteins by
translating mRNA sequences into amino acid chains.
6. What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic
reticulum? Rough ER has ribosomes attached and synthesizes proteins, while
smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.
7. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? The Golgi apparatus
modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids to their final destinations
within or outside the cell.
8. What are lysosomes? Lysosomes are organelles containing digestive
enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign
substances.
9. What is the function of the nucleus? The nucleus stores genetic information
(DNA), controls cell activities, and is the site of DNA replication and
transcription.
,10. What is cytoplasm? Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance filling the cell
between the membrane and nucleus, containing organelles and facilitating
cellular processes.
11. What are chloroplasts? Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that
conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in
glucose.
12. What is the function of the cell wall in plants? The cell wall provides
structural support, protection, and helps maintain cell shape in plant cells.
13. What are vacuoles? Vacuoles are storage organelles that hold water,
nutrients, and waste products; plant cells have large central vacuoles that
maintain turgor pressure.
14. What is the cytoskeleton? The cytoskeleton is a network of protein
filaments that provides structural support, enables cell movement, and facilitates
intracellular transport.
15. What is passive transport? Passive transport is the movement of
substances across cell membranes without energy input, moving from high to
low concentration.
16. What is active transport? Active transport is the movement of substances
across cell membranes against their concentration gradient, requiring energy
(ATP).
17. What is diffusion? Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from
an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is
reached.
18. What is osmosis? Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a
selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.
19. What is facilitated diffusion? Facilitated diffusion is passive transport
using carrier or channel proteins to move specific molecules across the
membrane.
20. What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions? In hypotonic solutions,
water enters the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst (lyse) in animal
cells or become turgid in plant cells.
21. What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions? In hypertonic solutions,
water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink (crenate in animal cells or plasmolyze
in plant cells).
, 22. What happens to cells in isotonic solutions? In isotonic solutions, water
movement is balanced, and cells maintain their normal shape without net water
gain or loss.
23. What is endocytosis? Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in
large molecules or particles by engulfing them in vesicles formed from the cell
membrane.
24. What is exocytosis? Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel
materials in vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane, releasing contents
outside the cell.
25. What is phagocytosis? Phagocytosis is "cell eating," where the cell engulfs
large solid particles or cells into vesicles called phagosomes.
26. What is pinocytosis? Pinocytosis is "cell drinking," where the cell takes in
small droplets of extracellular fluid in small vesicles.
27. What are cilia? Cilia are short, hair-like projections on cell surfaces that
move in coordinated waves to move substances across the cell surface or propel
cells.
28. What are flagella? Flagella are long, whip-like appendages that rotate to
propel cells through fluids, commonly found in sperm cells and bacteria.
29. What is the nucleolus? The nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus
where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins.
30. What are peroxisomes? Peroxisomes are organelles that break down fatty
acids and amino acids, and detoxify harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide.
31. What is the fluid mosaic model? The fluid mosaic model describes the cell
membrane as a flexible structure with a phospholipid bilayer containing
embedded proteins that can move laterally.
32. What are membrane proteins? Membrane proteins perform various
functions including transport, cell recognition, enzymatic activity, signal
transduction, and cell adhesion.
33. What is cell differentiation? Cell differentiation is the process by which
unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function for specific
roles.
34. What is apoptosis? Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a controlled
process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without harming
surrounding tissue.
VERIFIED ANSWERS (PASS GUARANTEE)
1. What is the cell theory? All living organisms are composed of one or more
cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
2. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, while
eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
3. What is the function of the cell membrane? The cell membrane regulates
what enters and exits the cell, provides protection, and maintains cell shape
through selective permeability.
4. What is the function of mitochondria? Mitochondria are the powerhouses
of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration to provide energy for
cellular processes.
5. What is the function of ribosomes? Ribosomes synthesize proteins by
translating mRNA sequences into amino acid chains.
6. What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic
reticulum? Rough ER has ribosomes attached and synthesizes proteins, while
smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.
7. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? The Golgi apparatus
modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids to their final destinations
within or outside the cell.
8. What are lysosomes? Lysosomes are organelles containing digestive
enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign
substances.
9. What is the function of the nucleus? The nucleus stores genetic information
(DNA), controls cell activities, and is the site of DNA replication and
transcription.
,10. What is cytoplasm? Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance filling the cell
between the membrane and nucleus, containing organelles and facilitating
cellular processes.
11. What are chloroplasts? Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that
conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in
glucose.
12. What is the function of the cell wall in plants? The cell wall provides
structural support, protection, and helps maintain cell shape in plant cells.
13. What are vacuoles? Vacuoles are storage organelles that hold water,
nutrients, and waste products; plant cells have large central vacuoles that
maintain turgor pressure.
14. What is the cytoskeleton? The cytoskeleton is a network of protein
filaments that provides structural support, enables cell movement, and facilitates
intracellular transport.
15. What is passive transport? Passive transport is the movement of
substances across cell membranes without energy input, moving from high to
low concentration.
16. What is active transport? Active transport is the movement of substances
across cell membranes against their concentration gradient, requiring energy
(ATP).
17. What is diffusion? Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from
an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is
reached.
18. What is osmosis? Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a
selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.
19. What is facilitated diffusion? Facilitated diffusion is passive transport
using carrier or channel proteins to move specific molecules across the
membrane.
20. What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions? In hypotonic solutions,
water enters the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst (lyse) in animal
cells or become turgid in plant cells.
21. What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions? In hypertonic solutions,
water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink (crenate in animal cells or plasmolyze
in plant cells).
, 22. What happens to cells in isotonic solutions? In isotonic solutions, water
movement is balanced, and cells maintain their normal shape without net water
gain or loss.
23. What is endocytosis? Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in
large molecules or particles by engulfing them in vesicles formed from the cell
membrane.
24. What is exocytosis? Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel
materials in vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane, releasing contents
outside the cell.
25. What is phagocytosis? Phagocytosis is "cell eating," where the cell engulfs
large solid particles or cells into vesicles called phagosomes.
26. What is pinocytosis? Pinocytosis is "cell drinking," where the cell takes in
small droplets of extracellular fluid in small vesicles.
27. What are cilia? Cilia are short, hair-like projections on cell surfaces that
move in coordinated waves to move substances across the cell surface or propel
cells.
28. What are flagella? Flagella are long, whip-like appendages that rotate to
propel cells through fluids, commonly found in sperm cells and bacteria.
29. What is the nucleolus? The nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus
where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins.
30. What are peroxisomes? Peroxisomes are organelles that break down fatty
acids and amino acids, and detoxify harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide.
31. What is the fluid mosaic model? The fluid mosaic model describes the cell
membrane as a flexible structure with a phospholipid bilayer containing
embedded proteins that can move laterally.
32. What are membrane proteins? Membrane proteins perform various
functions including transport, cell recognition, enzymatic activity, signal
transduction, and cell adhesion.
33. What is cell differentiation? Cell differentiation is the process by which
unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function for specific
roles.
34. What is apoptosis? Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a controlled
process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without harming
surrounding tissue.
