NSG 252 Finals| 2026 Update Questions with
complete solutions.
Alcoholic VS Viral Hepatitis
Viral = tender
Alcoholic = non tender
Hepatitis A & E
- Transmitted thru oral/fecal route (food)
What is the most significant source of bleeding in a patient with cirrhosis?
Esophageal varices
Asterixis
-involuntary flapping of the hands
- seen in encephalopathy
What are functions of the liver?
- glucose metabolism
- ammonia conversion
- protein metabolism
- fat metabolism
- vitamin & iron storage
- bile formation
- bilirubin excretion
- drug metabolism
,Portal hypertension
- obstructed blood flow thru liver results in > pressure -> esophageal varices, ascites
Hepatic encephalopathy
- inability of liver to metabolize toxic by products
- mental changes, motor disturbances
How is ascites treated?
- low salt diet
- diuretics
- paracentesis
- albumin
- TIPS procedure
Stages of liver disease
1. Inflammation
2. Fibrosis
3. Cirrhosis
4. Liver failure
Spironolactone
- treatment for ascites
Hepatitis A
- patient recovers on own, food/fluid route
,Hepatitis B
- long incubation (1-6 mo)
- blood, saliva, birth to mother, sexual, needles
- can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer
Hepatitis C
- no vaccine
- leading cause of liver cancer
- blood & sexual contact
- 15-160 days incubation
Hepatitis D
- only get it from Hep B
- blood & body fluids
Hepatitis E
- fecal/oral route
- undercooked meat
- 15/65 days incubation
Volume expanders
-crystalloid: NS
- colloid: blood
Liver Cancer
, - dull RUQ pain, weight loss, anemia,
- metastasis is source of cancer
- Weakness, ascites
ERCP
- used to diagnose pancreatitis
Cullen's sign
ecchymosis in umbilical area, seen with pancreatitis
Grey-Turner's Sign
bluish discoloration of the flanks
Cholecystitis
- inflammation of the gallbladder
Murphy's Sign
- Patient stops breathing when palpating on right upper side (seen with cholecystitis)
T-Tube
- in common bile duct
What are indicators of septic shock?
- tachycardia
- hypotension
complete solutions.
Alcoholic VS Viral Hepatitis
Viral = tender
Alcoholic = non tender
Hepatitis A & E
- Transmitted thru oral/fecal route (food)
What is the most significant source of bleeding in a patient with cirrhosis?
Esophageal varices
Asterixis
-involuntary flapping of the hands
- seen in encephalopathy
What are functions of the liver?
- glucose metabolism
- ammonia conversion
- protein metabolism
- fat metabolism
- vitamin & iron storage
- bile formation
- bilirubin excretion
- drug metabolism
,Portal hypertension
- obstructed blood flow thru liver results in > pressure -> esophageal varices, ascites
Hepatic encephalopathy
- inability of liver to metabolize toxic by products
- mental changes, motor disturbances
How is ascites treated?
- low salt diet
- diuretics
- paracentesis
- albumin
- TIPS procedure
Stages of liver disease
1. Inflammation
2. Fibrosis
3. Cirrhosis
4. Liver failure
Spironolactone
- treatment for ascites
Hepatitis A
- patient recovers on own, food/fluid route
,Hepatitis B
- long incubation (1-6 mo)
- blood, saliva, birth to mother, sexual, needles
- can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer
Hepatitis C
- no vaccine
- leading cause of liver cancer
- blood & sexual contact
- 15-160 days incubation
Hepatitis D
- only get it from Hep B
- blood & body fluids
Hepatitis E
- fecal/oral route
- undercooked meat
- 15/65 days incubation
Volume expanders
-crystalloid: NS
- colloid: blood
Liver Cancer
, - dull RUQ pain, weight loss, anemia,
- metastasis is source of cancer
- Weakness, ascites
ERCP
- used to diagnose pancreatitis
Cullen's sign
ecchymosis in umbilical area, seen with pancreatitis
Grey-Turner's Sign
bluish discoloration of the flanks
Cholecystitis
- inflammation of the gallbladder
Murphy's Sign
- Patient stops breathing when palpating on right upper side (seen with cholecystitis)
T-Tube
- in common bile duct
What are indicators of septic shock?
- tachycardia
- hypotension
