COMPLEX MED SURG EXAM 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND FULL
SOLUTION
◉ what is the definition of a pulmonary/fat emboli? Answer:
collection of matter (s,l,air) that obstructs pulmonary blood flow
◉ what causes a pulmonary embolism Answer: most common cause
is deep vein thrombosis; caused by fat, air, or tumor tissue
◉ what is the pathophysiology of a pulmonary emboli Answer: -
obstruction of pulmonary vessels
-release of vasoactive substances
-ventilation-perfusion (v.q) mismatch
-possible pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular strain
◉ what are the clinical manifestations of a pulmonary emboli
Answer: -sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea,
tachycardia
-anxiety, syncope, or hemoptysis may occur
-large emboli can cause shock and death
,◉ how is a pulmonary emboli diagnosed Answer: -evaluation of risk
factors
-imaging
-blood tests
◉ what are the consequences of having a pulmonary emboli Answer:
-reduced gas exchange and oxygenation
-pulmonary tissue hypoxia
-decreased perfusion
-potential death if left untreated
◉ how does one manage living with a pulmonary emboli Answer: -
anticoagulation therapy
-supportive care
-possible thrombolysis in severe cases
◉ what are the complications of a thoracentesis Answer: -
pneumothorax
-re-expansion pulmonary edema
-subcutaneous emphysema
-infection
-bleeding
-tension pheumothorax
, -hemothorax
-reaccumulating of fluid
-mediastinal shift
-pain
◉ Reinforced teaching to pt before a chest xray Answer: -removal of
clothing and accessories
-positioning: holding breath when instructed
-communication: if pregnant, previous barium studies, nuclear
medicine tests.
-procedure duration: time it takes
-comfort and safety
-post-procedure: reviewed by radiologist
-purpose: briefly explain reason for necessity
-Cooperation: importance for following instructions for clear images
◉ what is the purpose of a stress test Answer: -detect coronary
artery disease
-assess exercise capacity
-evaluate effectiveness of cardiac treatments
◉ explain the what happens in a stress test Answer: -pt exercises on
a treadmill or stationary bicycle
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND FULL
SOLUTION
◉ what is the definition of a pulmonary/fat emboli? Answer:
collection of matter (s,l,air) that obstructs pulmonary blood flow
◉ what causes a pulmonary embolism Answer: most common cause
is deep vein thrombosis; caused by fat, air, or tumor tissue
◉ what is the pathophysiology of a pulmonary emboli Answer: -
obstruction of pulmonary vessels
-release of vasoactive substances
-ventilation-perfusion (v.q) mismatch
-possible pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular strain
◉ what are the clinical manifestations of a pulmonary emboli
Answer: -sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea,
tachycardia
-anxiety, syncope, or hemoptysis may occur
-large emboli can cause shock and death
,◉ how is a pulmonary emboli diagnosed Answer: -evaluation of risk
factors
-imaging
-blood tests
◉ what are the consequences of having a pulmonary emboli Answer:
-reduced gas exchange and oxygenation
-pulmonary tissue hypoxia
-decreased perfusion
-potential death if left untreated
◉ how does one manage living with a pulmonary emboli Answer: -
anticoagulation therapy
-supportive care
-possible thrombolysis in severe cases
◉ what are the complications of a thoracentesis Answer: -
pneumothorax
-re-expansion pulmonary edema
-subcutaneous emphysema
-infection
-bleeding
-tension pheumothorax
, -hemothorax
-reaccumulating of fluid
-mediastinal shift
-pain
◉ Reinforced teaching to pt before a chest xray Answer: -removal of
clothing and accessories
-positioning: holding breath when instructed
-communication: if pregnant, previous barium studies, nuclear
medicine tests.
-procedure duration: time it takes
-comfort and safety
-post-procedure: reviewed by radiologist
-purpose: briefly explain reason for necessity
-Cooperation: importance for following instructions for clear images
◉ what is the purpose of a stress test Answer: -detect coronary
artery disease
-assess exercise capacity
-evaluate effectiveness of cardiac treatments
◉ explain the what happens in a stress test Answer: -pt exercises on
a treadmill or stationary bicycle
