SOLUTION MANUAL FOR M M
The Legal Environment of Business, 14th Edition by Roger E. Meiners
M M M M M M M M M M
ChapterM1-22
ChapterM1
Table of Contents
M M
AnswerMtoMDiscussionMQuestion ................................................................................................. 1
AnswersMtoMCaseMQuestions ...................................................................................................... 1
AnswersMtoMEthicsMandMSocialMQuestions ................................................................................... 3
Answer to Discussion Question
M M M
ShouldMtheMcommonMlawMmaximM“IgnoranceMofMtheMlawMisMnoMexcuse”MapplyMtoManMimmigrantMwhoMspea
ksMlittleMEnglishMandMwasMnotMeducatedMinMtheMUnitedMStates?MHowMaboutMforMaMtouristMwhoMdoesMnotMs
peakMEnglish?MEveryoneMknowsMcriminalMactsMareMprohibited,MbutMwhatMaboutMsubtlerMrulesMthatMdifferMa
crossMcountriesMandMsoMmayMbeMmisunderstoodMbyMforeigners?
Answer:MItMisMgenerallyMtrueMthatMignoranceMofMtheMlawMisMnoMexcuse.MCitizensMareMdeemedMtoMhaveMco
nstructiveMknowledgeMofMtheMlaw.MYet,MasMwellMknownMasMthisMruleMis,MitMisMsurprisingMhowMoftenMitMi
sMprofferedMasManMexcuse.M(AMWestlawMsearchMcasesMfindsMhundredsMofMexamples).MExamplesMinc
lude:MDelucoMv.MDeziM(Conn.MSuper)M(lackMofMknowledgeMregardingMtheMstate‘sMusuryMlawsMisMnoMe
xcuseMforMtheMinclusionMofManMillegalMinterestMrateMinMaMsalesMcontract);MandMPlumleeMv.MPaddockM(i
gnoranceMofMtheMfactMthatMtheMsubjectMmatterMofMtheMcontractMwasMillegalMwasMnotMexcuse).MTheMco
urtsMhaveMprovidedMaMsmallMexceptionMtoMtheMruleMwhenMitMcomesMtoMpeopleMinMlackMofMEnglishMlan
guageMskills.MConsiderMFlaneryMv.MKuska,M(defendantMdidMnotMspeakMEnglishMwasMadvisedMbyMaMfri
endMthatManManswerMtoMaMcomplaintMwasMnotMrequired);MRamonMv.MDept.MofMTransportation,M(noMEn
glishMandManMinabilityMtoMunderstandMtheMlawMrequiredMforManMexcuse);MYurechkoMv.MCountyMofMAlle
gheny,M(IgnoranceMandMwithMtheMfactMthatMtheMmunicipalityMsufferedMnoMhardshipMinMlateMlawsuitMfili
ngMwasManMexcuse).
Answers to Case Questions
M M M
1. FactsMfromManMEnglishMjudge’sMdecisionMinM1884:M“TheMcrewMofManMEnglishMyacht..wereMcastMawayMin
aMstormMonMtheMhighMseasM.M.M.MandMwereMcompelledMtoMputMintoManMopenMboat. TheyMhadMnoMsupply
ofMwaterMandMnoMsupplyMofMfood.M.M.M.MThatMonMtheMeighteenthMdayM.M.M.Mthey suggestedMthatMone
shouldMbeMsacrificedMtoMsaveMtheMrest.M.M.M.MThatMnextMdayM.M.M.MtheyM.M.M.MwentMtoMtheMboy
............................................................................................................................................ putMaMknife
intoMhisMthroatMandMkilledMhimM.M.M.MtheMthreeMmenMfedMuponMtheMbody ofMtheMboyMforMfourMdays;M[then]
theMboatMwasMpickedMupMbyMaMpassingMvessel,MandM[they]MwereMrescued.M.M.M.MandMcommittedMforMtri
al.M.M.M.MifMtheMmenMhadMnotMfedMuponMtheMbodyMofMtheMboyMtheyMwouldMprobablyMnotMhaveMsurvived
MtoMbeMsoMpickedMupMandMrescued,MbutMwould
............................................................ haveMdiedMofMfamine.MTheMboy,MbeingMinMaMmuchMweaker
condition,MwasMlikelyMtoMhaveMdiedMbeforeMthem .....TheMrealMquestionMinMthisMcaseM[is]MwhetherMkilling
underMtheMconditionsMsetMforth ..... beMorMbeMnotMmurder.”MDoMyouMconsiderMtheMactsMtoMbeMimmoral?
[ReginaMv.MDudleyMandMStephens,M14MQueensMBenchMDivisionM273M(1884)]
Answer:MThisMpointsMoutMthatMtheMlegalMsystemMhasMlimits.MItsMacceptabilityMisMdictatedMbyMlegalMculture--
whichMdeterminesMwhetherMlawMwillMbeMenforced,Mobeyed,Mavoided,MorMabused.MItMisMlimitedMbyMtheMi
nformalMrulesMofMtheMsociety--
itsMcustomsMandMvalues.MOneMlimitMisMtheMextentMtoMwhichMsocietyMwillMallowMtheMformalMrulesMtoMbeM
©M2022MCengage.MAllMRightsMReserved.MMayMnotMbeMscanned,McopiedMorMduplicated,MorMpostedMtoMaMpublic 1
lyMaccessible
website,MinMwholeMorMinMpart.
, imposedMwhenMaMcrimeMisMcommittedMinModdMcircumstances.MHereMthereMwasManMintentionalMmurder
.MDoesMtheMmotiveMforMtheMmurder,MtheMeffortMtoMsaveMseveralMlivesMbyMsacrificingMone
©M2022MCengage.MAllMRightsMReserved.MMayMnotMbeMscanned,McopiedMorMduplicated,MorMpostedMtoMaMpublic 2
lyMaccessible
website,MinMwholeMorMinMpart.
, life,MmakeMitMaMcrimeMthatMshouldMbeMpunished?MNotMallMcrimesMareMtreatedMtheMsame.MItMalsoMraise
sMquestionsMaboutMtheMdesirabilityMofMnotMgivingMjudgesMflexibilityMinMsentencing.
ThereMwasMaMprecedentMforMaMlightMsentenceMinMthisMcaseMinMU.S.Mlaw:MU.S.Mv.MHolmes,M20MF.MCas.
M360M(No.M15383)M(C.C.E.D.MPa.M1842).MTheMcaseMinvolvedMaMsinkingMoceanMliner.MSeveralMpassen
gersMmadeMitMtoMtheMonlyMlifeboat,MwhichMwasMfarMtooMovercrowded.MTheMcaptainMdecidedMtoMsaveMt
heMwomenMandMchildrenMandMthrewMseveralMmenMoverboard.MTheMlifeboatMwasMrescued.MTheMgrand
MjuryMrefusedMtoM indictMtheMcaptainMfromMmurder,MonlyMforMmanslaughter.MHeMgotMaMsixMmonthMsent
ence.
TheMBritishMjudgeMinMtheMcaseMhereMimposedMtheMdeathMpenaltyMuponMtheMpersonMwhoMsurvived
.MTheMjudgeMfoundMitMdifficultMtoMruleMthatMeveryMmanMonMboardMhadMtheMrightMtoMmakeMlawMbyMhi
sMownMhand.MTheMCrownMreducedMtheMsentenceMtoMsixMmonths.
2. SmokingMisMaMseriousMhealthMhazard.MCigarettesMareMlegal.MShouldMcigaretteMmanufacturersMbeMlia
bleMforMtheMseriousMillnessesMandMuntimelyMdeathsMcausedMbyMtheirMunavoidablyMdangerousMproduct
s,MevenMthoughMtheyMpostMaMwarningMonMtheMpackageMandMconsumersMvoluntarilyMassumeMtheMheal
thMrisksMbyMsmoking?M[CipolloneMv.MLiggettMGroup,MInc.,M505MU.S.M504M(1992)]
Answer:MTheMgeneralMruleMthatMexistsMnowMisMthatMsinceMtheMgovernmentMhasMorderedMtheMpostingMofMw
arningMlabelsMonMcigarettes,MandMsinceMtheMdangersMofMsmokingMareMwellMknown,MconsumersMhave
MbeenMwarnedMandMareMnotMdueMcompensationMifMtheyMkillMthemselvesMbyMsmoking.MTheMCippolineM
case,MsinceMreviewedMbyMtheMSupremeMCourt,MappearsMtoMbeMofMlimitedMimpactMsinceMtheMvictimMw
asMadjudgedMtoMhaveMbecomeMaddictedMtoMcigarettesMbeforeMtheMwarningMlabelMwasMorderedMinM19
64.MIfMcigaretteMmakersMwereMheldMresponsibleMforMallMhealthMproblemsMassociatedMwithMcigarettes,M
then,MlikeMalcoholMandMotherMdangerousMproducts,MtheMdamagesMwouldMlikelyMbeMsoMhighMitMwouldM
effectivelyMbanMtheMproducts.MPresumably,MinMaMfreeMsocietyMifMadultsMareMclearlyMinformedMofMtheMri
sksMofMproductsMthatMcannotMbeMmadeMsafe,MtheyMacceptMtheMrisk.MTobaccoMandMalcoholMproducers
McannotMtakeMtheMdangersMoutMofMtheMproductsMexceptMatMtheMmarginMbyMencouragingMresponsibleM
drinkingMandMtheMlike.MAreMdrugsMlikeMcocaineMdifferent?
3. TwoMeight-year-oldMboysMwereMseriouslyMinjuredMwhenMridingMHondaMmini-
trailMbikes.MTheMboysMwereMridingMonMpublicMstreets,MranMaMstopMsign,MandMwereMhitMbyMaMtruck.MThe
MbikesMhadMclearMwarningMlabelsMonMtheMfrontMstatingMtheyMwereMonlyMforMoff-
roadMuse.MTheMmanualMstatedMtheMbikesMwereMnotMtoMbeMusedMonMpublicMstreets.MTheMparentsMsued
MHonda.MTheMsupremeMcourtMofMWashingtonMsaidMoneMbasicMissueMexisted:M“IsMaMmanufacturerMliabl
eMwhenMchildrenMareMinjuredMwhileMridingMoneMofMitsMmini-
trailMbikesMonMaMpublicMroadMinMviolationMofMmanufacturerMandMparentalMwarnings?”MIsMitMunethicalMto
MmakeMproductsMlikeMmini-
trailMbikesMchildrenMwillMuseMwhenMweMknowMaccidentsMlikeMthisMwillMhappen?M[BaughnMv.MHondaMM
otorMCo.,M727MP.2dM655MSup.MCt,MWash.,M(1986)]
Answer:MTheMcourtMfoundMnoMliabilityMforMtheMmanufacturers.MThereMwasMnoMdefect;MtheMproductMwasMsa
feMforMintendedMuse.MSafetyMinstructionsMwereMclear;MtheMparentsMletMtheMboysMrideMtheMbikes.MAnyt
hingMcanMbeMdangerous--
baseballsMareMdangerousMwhenMtheyMhitMtheMhead,MswingsMareMdangerousMwhenMkidsMjumpMoutMofM
them;MthereMisMonlyMsoMmuchMthatMcanMbeMdoneMtoMmakeMtheMgovernmentMtheM―nationalMnanny‖MasM
theMWashingtonMPostMonceMsaidMaboutMexcessiveMconsumerMprotection.MParentsMmustMacceptMaMhi
ghMdegreeMofMresponsibleMforMtheirMownMchildren.
4. JohnsonMControlsMadoptedMaM“fetalMprotectionMpolicy”MthatMwomenMofMchildbearingMageMcouldMnotM
workMinMtheMbattery-
makingMdivisionMofMtheMcompany.MExposureMtoMleadMinMtheMbatteryMoperationMcouldMcauseMharmMtoM
unbornMbabies.MTheMcompanyMwasMconcernedMaboutMpossibleMlegalMliabilityMforMinjuryMsufferedMbyM
babiesMofMmothersMwhoMhadMworkedMinMtheMbatteryMdivision.MTheMSupremeMCourtMheldMtheMcompan
yMpolicyMwasMillegal.MItMwasManM“excuseMforMdenyingMwomenMequalMemploymentMopportunities.”MIsMt
heMCourtMforcingMtheMcompanyMtoMbeMunethicalMbyMallowingMpregnantMwomenMwhoMignoreMtheMwarn
ingsMtoMexposeMtheirMbabiesMtoMtheMlead?M[UnitedMAutoMWorkersMv.MJohnsonMControls,M499MU.S.M1
87M(1991)]
Answer:MTheMCourtMheldMitMaMformMofMsexMdiscriminationMtoMpreventMwomenMofMchild-
©M2022MCengage.MAllMRightsMReserved.MMayMnotMbeMscanned,McopiedMorMduplicated,MorMpostedMtoMaMpublic 3
lyMaccessible
website,MinMwholeMorMinMpart.
, bearingMageMfromMholdingMtheMmoreMdangerousMjobs.MTheMcompanyMarguedMthatMitMdidMthisMtoMprot
ectMitselfMfromMpossibleMliabilityMinMcaseMofMdamageMtoMbabiesMandMthatMtheMdecisionMwasMethical.M
TheMreplacementsMforMtheseMworkersMwereMoftenMmenMorMmoreMseniorMwomen,MwhoMtendedMtoMbe
MhigherMincomeMworkers,MsoMthis
©M2022MCengage.MAllMRightsMReserved.MMayMnotMbeMscanned,McopiedMorMduplicated,MorMpostedMtoMaMpublic 4
lyMaccessible
website,MinMwholeMorMinMpart.
The Legal Environment of Business, 14th Edition by Roger E. Meiners
M M M M M M M M M M
ChapterM1-22
ChapterM1
Table of Contents
M M
AnswerMtoMDiscussionMQuestion ................................................................................................. 1
AnswersMtoMCaseMQuestions ...................................................................................................... 1
AnswersMtoMEthicsMandMSocialMQuestions ................................................................................... 3
Answer to Discussion Question
M M M
ShouldMtheMcommonMlawMmaximM“IgnoranceMofMtheMlawMisMnoMexcuse”MapplyMtoManMimmigrantMwhoMspea
ksMlittleMEnglishMandMwasMnotMeducatedMinMtheMUnitedMStates?MHowMaboutMforMaMtouristMwhoMdoesMnotMs
peakMEnglish?MEveryoneMknowsMcriminalMactsMareMprohibited,MbutMwhatMaboutMsubtlerMrulesMthatMdifferMa
crossMcountriesMandMsoMmayMbeMmisunderstoodMbyMforeigners?
Answer:MItMisMgenerallyMtrueMthatMignoranceMofMtheMlawMisMnoMexcuse.MCitizensMareMdeemedMtoMhaveMco
nstructiveMknowledgeMofMtheMlaw.MYet,MasMwellMknownMasMthisMruleMis,MitMisMsurprisingMhowMoftenMitMi
sMprofferedMasManMexcuse.M(AMWestlawMsearchMcasesMfindsMhundredsMofMexamples).MExamplesMinc
lude:MDelucoMv.MDeziM(Conn.MSuper)M(lackMofMknowledgeMregardingMtheMstate‘sMusuryMlawsMisMnoMe
xcuseMforMtheMinclusionMofManMillegalMinterestMrateMinMaMsalesMcontract);MandMPlumleeMv.MPaddockM(i
gnoranceMofMtheMfactMthatMtheMsubjectMmatterMofMtheMcontractMwasMillegalMwasMnotMexcuse).MTheMco
urtsMhaveMprovidedMaMsmallMexceptionMtoMtheMruleMwhenMitMcomesMtoMpeopleMinMlackMofMEnglishMlan
guageMskills.MConsiderMFlaneryMv.MKuska,M(defendantMdidMnotMspeakMEnglishMwasMadvisedMbyMaMfri
endMthatManManswerMtoMaMcomplaintMwasMnotMrequired);MRamonMv.MDept.MofMTransportation,M(noMEn
glishMandManMinabilityMtoMunderstandMtheMlawMrequiredMforManMexcuse);MYurechkoMv.MCountyMofMAlle
gheny,M(IgnoranceMandMwithMtheMfactMthatMtheMmunicipalityMsufferedMnoMhardshipMinMlateMlawsuitMfili
ngMwasManMexcuse).
Answers to Case Questions
M M M
1. FactsMfromManMEnglishMjudge’sMdecisionMinM1884:M“TheMcrewMofManMEnglishMyacht..wereMcastMawayMin
aMstormMonMtheMhighMseasM.M.M.MandMwereMcompelledMtoMputMintoManMopenMboat. TheyMhadMnoMsupply
ofMwaterMandMnoMsupplyMofMfood.M.M.M.MThatMonMtheMeighteenthMdayM.M.M.Mthey suggestedMthatMone
shouldMbeMsacrificedMtoMsaveMtheMrest.M.M.M.MThatMnextMdayM.M.M.MtheyM.M.M.MwentMtoMtheMboy
............................................................................................................................................ putMaMknife
intoMhisMthroatMandMkilledMhimM.M.M.MtheMthreeMmenMfedMuponMtheMbody ofMtheMboyMforMfourMdays;M[then]
theMboatMwasMpickedMupMbyMaMpassingMvessel,MandM[they]MwereMrescued.M.M.M.MandMcommittedMforMtri
al.M.M.M.MifMtheMmenMhadMnotMfedMuponMtheMbodyMofMtheMboyMtheyMwouldMprobablyMnotMhaveMsurvived
MtoMbeMsoMpickedMupMandMrescued,MbutMwould
............................................................ haveMdiedMofMfamine.MTheMboy,MbeingMinMaMmuchMweaker
condition,MwasMlikelyMtoMhaveMdiedMbeforeMthem .....TheMrealMquestionMinMthisMcaseM[is]MwhetherMkilling
underMtheMconditionsMsetMforth ..... beMorMbeMnotMmurder.”MDoMyouMconsiderMtheMactsMtoMbeMimmoral?
[ReginaMv.MDudleyMandMStephens,M14MQueensMBenchMDivisionM273M(1884)]
Answer:MThisMpointsMoutMthatMtheMlegalMsystemMhasMlimits.MItsMacceptabilityMisMdictatedMbyMlegalMculture--
whichMdeterminesMwhetherMlawMwillMbeMenforced,Mobeyed,Mavoided,MorMabused.MItMisMlimitedMbyMtheMi
nformalMrulesMofMtheMsociety--
itsMcustomsMandMvalues.MOneMlimitMisMtheMextentMtoMwhichMsocietyMwillMallowMtheMformalMrulesMtoMbeM
©M2022MCengage.MAllMRightsMReserved.MMayMnotMbeMscanned,McopiedMorMduplicated,MorMpostedMtoMaMpublic 1
lyMaccessible
website,MinMwholeMorMinMpart.
, imposedMwhenMaMcrimeMisMcommittedMinModdMcircumstances.MHereMthereMwasManMintentionalMmurder
.MDoesMtheMmotiveMforMtheMmurder,MtheMeffortMtoMsaveMseveralMlivesMbyMsacrificingMone
©M2022MCengage.MAllMRightsMReserved.MMayMnotMbeMscanned,McopiedMorMduplicated,MorMpostedMtoMaMpublic 2
lyMaccessible
website,MinMwholeMorMinMpart.
, life,MmakeMitMaMcrimeMthatMshouldMbeMpunished?MNotMallMcrimesMareMtreatedMtheMsame.MItMalsoMraise
sMquestionsMaboutMtheMdesirabilityMofMnotMgivingMjudgesMflexibilityMinMsentencing.
ThereMwasMaMprecedentMforMaMlightMsentenceMinMthisMcaseMinMU.S.Mlaw:MU.S.Mv.MHolmes,M20MF.MCas.
M360M(No.M15383)M(C.C.E.D.MPa.M1842).MTheMcaseMinvolvedMaMsinkingMoceanMliner.MSeveralMpassen
gersMmadeMitMtoMtheMonlyMlifeboat,MwhichMwasMfarMtooMovercrowded.MTheMcaptainMdecidedMtoMsaveMt
heMwomenMandMchildrenMandMthrewMseveralMmenMoverboard.MTheMlifeboatMwasMrescued.MTheMgrand
MjuryMrefusedMtoM indictMtheMcaptainMfromMmurder,MonlyMforMmanslaughter.MHeMgotMaMsixMmonthMsent
ence.
TheMBritishMjudgeMinMtheMcaseMhereMimposedMtheMdeathMpenaltyMuponMtheMpersonMwhoMsurvived
.MTheMjudgeMfoundMitMdifficultMtoMruleMthatMeveryMmanMonMboardMhadMtheMrightMtoMmakeMlawMbyMhi
sMownMhand.MTheMCrownMreducedMtheMsentenceMtoMsixMmonths.
2. SmokingMisMaMseriousMhealthMhazard.MCigarettesMareMlegal.MShouldMcigaretteMmanufacturersMbeMlia
bleMforMtheMseriousMillnessesMandMuntimelyMdeathsMcausedMbyMtheirMunavoidablyMdangerousMproduct
s,MevenMthoughMtheyMpostMaMwarningMonMtheMpackageMandMconsumersMvoluntarilyMassumeMtheMheal
thMrisksMbyMsmoking?M[CipolloneMv.MLiggettMGroup,MInc.,M505MU.S.M504M(1992)]
Answer:MTheMgeneralMruleMthatMexistsMnowMisMthatMsinceMtheMgovernmentMhasMorderedMtheMpostingMofMw
arningMlabelsMonMcigarettes,MandMsinceMtheMdangersMofMsmokingMareMwellMknown,MconsumersMhave
MbeenMwarnedMandMareMnotMdueMcompensationMifMtheyMkillMthemselvesMbyMsmoking.MTheMCippolineM
case,MsinceMreviewedMbyMtheMSupremeMCourt,MappearsMtoMbeMofMlimitedMimpactMsinceMtheMvictimMw
asMadjudgedMtoMhaveMbecomeMaddictedMtoMcigarettesMbeforeMtheMwarningMlabelMwasMorderedMinM19
64.MIfMcigaretteMmakersMwereMheldMresponsibleMforMallMhealthMproblemsMassociatedMwithMcigarettes,M
then,MlikeMalcoholMandMotherMdangerousMproducts,MtheMdamagesMwouldMlikelyMbeMsoMhighMitMwouldM
effectivelyMbanMtheMproducts.MPresumably,MinMaMfreeMsocietyMifMadultsMareMclearlyMinformedMofMtheMri
sksMofMproductsMthatMcannotMbeMmadeMsafe,MtheyMacceptMtheMrisk.MTobaccoMandMalcoholMproducers
McannotMtakeMtheMdangersMoutMofMtheMproductsMexceptMatMtheMmarginMbyMencouragingMresponsibleM
drinkingMandMtheMlike.MAreMdrugsMlikeMcocaineMdifferent?
3. TwoMeight-year-oldMboysMwereMseriouslyMinjuredMwhenMridingMHondaMmini-
trailMbikes.MTheMboysMwereMridingMonMpublicMstreets,MranMaMstopMsign,MandMwereMhitMbyMaMtruck.MThe
MbikesMhadMclearMwarningMlabelsMonMtheMfrontMstatingMtheyMwereMonlyMforMoff-
roadMuse.MTheMmanualMstatedMtheMbikesMwereMnotMtoMbeMusedMonMpublicMstreets.MTheMparentsMsued
MHonda.MTheMsupremeMcourtMofMWashingtonMsaidMoneMbasicMissueMexisted:M“IsMaMmanufacturerMliabl
eMwhenMchildrenMareMinjuredMwhileMridingMoneMofMitsMmini-
trailMbikesMonMaMpublicMroadMinMviolationMofMmanufacturerMandMparentalMwarnings?”MIsMitMunethicalMto
MmakeMproductsMlikeMmini-
trailMbikesMchildrenMwillMuseMwhenMweMknowMaccidentsMlikeMthisMwillMhappen?M[BaughnMv.MHondaMM
otorMCo.,M727MP.2dM655MSup.MCt,MWash.,M(1986)]
Answer:MTheMcourtMfoundMnoMliabilityMforMtheMmanufacturers.MThereMwasMnoMdefect;MtheMproductMwasMsa
feMforMintendedMuse.MSafetyMinstructionsMwereMclear;MtheMparentsMletMtheMboysMrideMtheMbikes.MAnyt
hingMcanMbeMdangerous--
baseballsMareMdangerousMwhenMtheyMhitMtheMhead,MswingsMareMdangerousMwhenMkidsMjumpMoutMofM
them;MthereMisMonlyMsoMmuchMthatMcanMbeMdoneMtoMmakeMtheMgovernmentMtheM―nationalMnanny‖MasM
theMWashingtonMPostMonceMsaidMaboutMexcessiveMconsumerMprotection.MParentsMmustMacceptMaMhi
ghMdegreeMofMresponsibleMforMtheirMownMchildren.
4. JohnsonMControlsMadoptedMaM“fetalMprotectionMpolicy”MthatMwomenMofMchildbearingMageMcouldMnotM
workMinMtheMbattery-
makingMdivisionMofMtheMcompany.MExposureMtoMleadMinMtheMbatteryMoperationMcouldMcauseMharmMtoM
unbornMbabies.MTheMcompanyMwasMconcernedMaboutMpossibleMlegalMliabilityMforMinjuryMsufferedMbyM
babiesMofMmothersMwhoMhadMworkedMinMtheMbatteryMdivision.MTheMSupremeMCourtMheldMtheMcompan
yMpolicyMwasMillegal.MItMwasManM“excuseMforMdenyingMwomenMequalMemploymentMopportunities.”MIsMt
heMCourtMforcingMtheMcompanyMtoMbeMunethicalMbyMallowingMpregnantMwomenMwhoMignoreMtheMwarn
ingsMtoMexposeMtheirMbabiesMtoMtheMlead?M[UnitedMAutoMWorkersMv.MJohnsonMControls,M499MU.S.M1
87M(1991)]
Answer:MTheMCourtMheldMitMaMformMofMsexMdiscriminationMtoMpreventMwomenMofMchild-
©M2022MCengage.MAllMRightsMReserved.MMayMnotMbeMscanned,McopiedMorMduplicated,MorMpostedMtoMaMpublic 3
lyMaccessible
website,MinMwholeMorMinMpart.
, bearingMageMfromMholdingMtheMmoreMdangerousMjobs.MTheMcompanyMarguedMthatMitMdidMthisMtoMprot
ectMitselfMfromMpossibleMliabilityMinMcaseMofMdamageMtoMbabiesMandMthatMtheMdecisionMwasMethical.M
TheMreplacementsMforMtheseMworkersMwereMoftenMmenMorMmoreMseniorMwomen,MwhoMtendedMtoMbe
MhigherMincomeMworkers,MsoMthis
©M2022MCengage.MAllMRightsMReserved.MMayMnotMbeMscanned,McopiedMorMduplicated,MorMpostedMtoMaMpublic 4
lyMaccessible
website,MinMwholeMorMinMpart.
