HES 101- MIDTERM 1 EXAM WITH CORRECT RATIONALES
What cis cthe cbiological chierarchy cof corganization cin corder? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔1) cChemical clevel
2) cCellular clevel
3) cTissue clevel
4) cOrgan clevel
5) cOrgan csystem clevel
6) cOrganism clevel
What care cthe c11 corgan csystems cof cthe cbody? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔integumentary, cskeletal, cmuscular, cnervous, cendocrine,
ccardiovascular, clymphatic, crespiratory, cdigestive, curinary, creproductive(male cand cfemale)
What cis chomeostasis? cHow cdoes cthe cbody cmaintain chomeostasis? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔The cmaintenance cof ca cstable
cinternal cenvironment cwithin ca cgiven crange. cThe cbody cuses cnegative cand cpositive cfeedback cloops cin corder cto cmaintain
chomeostasis.
What cis ca cnegative cfeedback cloop? cWhat cis can cexample cregarding cdecrease cbody ctemperature? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔A
cnegative cfeedback cloop coccurs cwhen csomething cgoes coutside cof cnormal crange. cAn cexample cof cthis cis.
1) cStimulus: cbody ctemperature cdecreases cwithin cnormal crange
2) cReceptor: creceptors cin cskin cdetect cchange cin ctemperature
3) cControl cCenter: cbrain ccells cprocess cstimuli cand cdetermine cbody ctemperature cis cbelow cnormal crange.
4) cEffector: cNerve ccells cactivate cskeletal cmuscles cto cstart cshiver cto cproduce cheat.
5) cIn cHomeostatic cRange: cAs cbody ctemperature creturns cback cto cnormal cfeedback cstops cshivering cof cskeletal cmuscles.
What cis ca cpositive cfeedback cloop? cWhat cis can cexample cregarding cchild cbirth? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Our cbody cbriefly
cdeviates cfrom chomeostasis cin corder cto cexecute can cessential cfunction. cThe cultimate cgoal cof cpositive cfeedback cloops cis cstill
ctoo creturn cthe cbody cto chomeostasis.
An cexample cof ca cpositive cfeedback cloop cis.
1) cStimulus: cinjury coccurs cto cblood cvessel
2) cReceptor: cblood cvessel cdamage cis cdetected cby creceptors con cplatelets.
3) cControl cCenter: cactivated cplatelets crelease cchemicals cthat cattract cand cactivate cmore cplatelets.
4) cResponse: cplatelets cseal cblood cvessel.
5) cEnd cPoint cReached: conce cvessel cis csealed, cplatelet cactivity cdecreases.
What cfour cmajor celements cis cthe chuman cbody cmade cof? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔hydrogen, coxygen, ccarbon cand cnitrogen
What cseven cmineral celements cis cthe chuman cbody cmade cof? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔sodium, cpotassium, cchlorine, ccalcium,
cmagnesium, cphosphorus cand csulfur
What care cproperties cof cionic cbonds? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Ionic cbonds cform cwhen celectrons care ctransferred cfrom ca cmetal
catom cand ca cnon-metal catom. cIonic cbonds cstick ctogether clike cmagnets cand cthey cdissolve cin cwater.
What care cproperties cof ccovalent cbonds? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Covalent cmons cconsist cof ctwo cnon cmetal catoms csharing ctheir
celectrons. cCovalent cbonds ccan cbe cpolar cor cnon-polar. cThe cnon-polar ccovalent cbonds cshare celectrons. cIn cpolar ccovalent
cbond cone cof cthe catoms cpulls con cthe celectrons cmore cstrongly cresulting cin cunequal csharing cof celectrons.
Why ccan ccertain cinsects cwalk con cwater? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔This cis cdue cto cthe cstrong ccovalent cbonds cthat cform cbetween
cH2O cbonds.
How care ccovalent cbonds cpolar cand chow care cthey cnon cpolar? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔They care cpolar cbecause cone cof cthe
catoms cpulls con cthe celectrons cmore cstrongly, cresulting cin cunequal csharing cof celectrons. cCovalent cbond ccan calso cbe cnon-
polar cbecause cthe ctwo catoms cpull con cthe cshared celectrons cwith cequal cforce cand cthus cshare cthem cequally.
What cis ca chydrophilic cmolecule? cExample? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Hydrophilic cmeans c"water-loving". cWhich cmeans cthat
chydrophilic cmolecules cdissolve cin cwater can cexample cof ca chydrophilic cmolecule cis cionic cbonds.
What cis ca chydrophobic cmolecule? cExample? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Hydrophobic cmeans c"water-hating". cWhich cmeans cthat
chydrophobic cmolecules cdo cnot cdissolve cin cwater. cTwo cexamples cof cthis care coils cand cnon cpolar ccovalent ccompounds.
, What chappens cwhen can cacid cis cput cinto ca csolution? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔An cacid cis ca chydrogen cion cdonor. cA cmolecule
cthat, cwhen cput cin csolution c'donates' chydrogen cion(s) cto cthe csolution.
Increase chydrogen cion(s)=decreased cpH.
What chappens cwhen ca cbase cis cput cinto ca csolution? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔a cbase cis ca chydrogen cion cacceptor. cWhen cput
cinto ca csolution, ca cbase c'takes' chydrogen cion(s) cfrom cthe csolution.
Decreased chydrogen cion(s) cin ca csolution=increased cpH
What cis ca cbuffer? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔A cbuffer cprevents clarge cchanges cin cpH cwhen cacid cor cbase cis cadded cto csolution cby
c'hiding cor crevealing' cH+ cions.
What cis cthe cdifference cbetween cinorganic ccompounds cand corganic ccompounds? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔inorganic ccompounds
cgenerally cdo cnot ccontain ccarbon cbonded cto chydrogen(ex. cwater, cacids, cbases, csalts cand celectrolytes).
Organic ccompounds cdo ccontain ccarbon cbonded cto chydrogen.
What care cthe cfour cmajor corganic ccompounds cfound cin cthe chuman cbody? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔1) cCarbohydrates(our cbodies
cmain cenergy csource)
2) cLipids
3) cProteins
4) cNucleotides
What care ccarbohydrates cmade cof? cWhat cis ctheir cfunction cin cthe cbody? cWhat care cthree cexamples cof ccarbohydrates? c-
cCORRECT cANS✔✔-Made cup cof ccarbon, chydrogen cand coxygen
-Carbohydrates cfunction cin cthe cbody cis cfuel(energy cproduction) cand cstructure(cell cmembrane)
-Three cexamples cof ccarbohydrates care:
monosaccharides: cmonomers cfrom cwhich call ccarbohydrates care cmade cout cof.
disaccharides: ctwo cmonosaccharides cjoined cthrough cdehydration csynthesis.
polysaccharides: cmany cmonosaccharides cjoined cto cone canother cby cdehydration csynthesis.
What cis cthis? cWhat cdoes cis cit's cfunction cin cthe cbody? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Glycogen cis cthe cstorage cpolymer cof cglucose;
cfound cin cskeletal cmuscle cand cliver ccells.
What care clipids? cWhat care cfour cexamples cof clipids? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Lipids care ca cgroup cof cnon cpolar chydrophobic
cmolecules;es ccomposed cprimarily cof ccarbon cand chydrogen.
Four cexamples cof clipids care cfatty cacids, ctriglycerides, cphospholipids cand csteroids.
What care cfatty cacids? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔They care clipid cmonomers, c4 cto c20 ccarbon catoms clong. cMay chave cnone, cone cor
cmore cdouble cbonds cbetween ccarbons cin cthe chydrocarbon cchain.
What care ctriglycerides? cWhat cis ctheir cfunction? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔three cfatty cacids clinked cby cdehydration csynthesis cinto
cmodified c3-carbon ccarbohydrate cglycerol. cTheir cfunction cis cto cstore cmolecules cfor cfatty cacids cin cthe cbody.
What care cphospholipids? cWhat cis cthere cstructure? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Phospholipids ccontain ca cglycerol cbackbone, ctwo
cfatty cacid ctails cand cone cphosphate chead. cThe cphosphate chead cis cpolar cand cthe cfatty cacid ctails care cnon cpolar cand
camphiphillic(both chydrophobic cand chydrophilic)
What care csteroids? cWhat care cexamples cof csteroids? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Steroids care clipids cthat care cnon cpolar cwith ca
cbackbone cthat cis ca cfour-ring chydrocarbon cstructure ccalled cthe csteroid cnucleus. cTwo cexamples care ccholesterol cand
ctestosterone.
What care cproteins? cWhat cis cthere cfunction? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Proteins care cmacromolecules cmade cup cof camino cacids.
cThey cfold cinto ctertiary cor cquatenary cstructures cto cbecome cfunction. cThere cfunction cin cthe chuman cbody cis cstructure, cfunction
cand cregulation cin cfor cexample cenzymes, cstructural croles, ccell ccommunication(receptors, ctransporters), cmuscle ccontraction,
cmetabolism cfor cfuel, cand chormones.
What cis cthe cstructure cof camino cacids? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔They ccontain cand camine cgroup, can cR cgroup cand ca ccarboxylic
cacid cgroup.
What care cthe cfour clevels cof cprotein cstructure? cWhat cis ca cdescription cof ceach cof cthem? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔1) cPrimary
cStructure: cThe camino cacid csequence cof cthe cpolypeptide. cWhich ccodes cfor cthe cprotein.
2) cSecondary cstructure: cAmino cacids cof cthe cprotein cinteract cvia cH cbonds cto cform can calpha chelix cor ca cbeta-pleated csheet.
3) cTertiary cstructure: cInteractions cbetween cR cgroups chelp cto cdetermine cthe cshape cthe cprotein cassumes cafter cit cis cfolded.
4) cQuaternary cstructure: cThe cassembly cof ctwo cor cmore cpolypeptide cchains cunto cthe cfunctional cprotein. cNote cthat csome
cproteins clack cquaternary cstructure.
What care cnucleotides cmade cup cof? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔-They care cmonomers cof cnucleic cacids cand cthey cmake cup cgenetic
cmaterial. cNucleotides cmake cthe cpolymer cof cnucleic cacids ceither cDNA cor cRNA.
-They cconsist cof cthree ccomponents
1) cnitrogenous cbase cwith chydrocarbon cring cstructure, cthe cnitrogenous cbase ccan ceither ceither cconsist cof cthe cpurines cwhich
care cadenine cand cguanine cor cthe cpyrimidine cbases cwhich care ceither ccytosine, cguanine, cthymine cor curacil.
2) cFive ccarbon cpentose csugar ceither cribose cor cdeoxyribose.
3)Phosphate cgroup
What cis cATP cand cwhy cis cit cuseful? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Adenosine ctripphosphate cis cthe cmain csource cof cchemical cenergy
cin cthe cbody. cIt cconsists cof can cadenine cwhich cis cattached cto cribose cand cthree cphosphate cgroups.
What cis cthe cbiological chierarchy cof corganization cin corder? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔1) cChemical clevel
2) cCellular clevel
3) cTissue clevel
4) cOrgan clevel
5) cOrgan csystem clevel
6) cOrganism clevel
What care cthe c11 corgan csystems cof cthe cbody? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔integumentary, cskeletal, cmuscular, cnervous, cendocrine,
ccardiovascular, clymphatic, crespiratory, cdigestive, curinary, creproductive(male cand cfemale)
What cis chomeostasis? cHow cdoes cthe cbody cmaintain chomeostasis? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔The cmaintenance cof ca cstable
cinternal cenvironment cwithin ca cgiven crange. cThe cbody cuses cnegative cand cpositive cfeedback cloops cin corder cto cmaintain
chomeostasis.
What cis ca cnegative cfeedback cloop? cWhat cis can cexample cregarding cdecrease cbody ctemperature? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔A
cnegative cfeedback cloop coccurs cwhen csomething cgoes coutside cof cnormal crange. cAn cexample cof cthis cis.
1) cStimulus: cbody ctemperature cdecreases cwithin cnormal crange
2) cReceptor: creceptors cin cskin cdetect cchange cin ctemperature
3) cControl cCenter: cbrain ccells cprocess cstimuli cand cdetermine cbody ctemperature cis cbelow cnormal crange.
4) cEffector: cNerve ccells cactivate cskeletal cmuscles cto cstart cshiver cto cproduce cheat.
5) cIn cHomeostatic cRange: cAs cbody ctemperature creturns cback cto cnormal cfeedback cstops cshivering cof cskeletal cmuscles.
What cis ca cpositive cfeedback cloop? cWhat cis can cexample cregarding cchild cbirth? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Our cbody cbriefly
cdeviates cfrom chomeostasis cin corder cto cexecute can cessential cfunction. cThe cultimate cgoal cof cpositive cfeedback cloops cis cstill
ctoo creturn cthe cbody cto chomeostasis.
An cexample cof ca cpositive cfeedback cloop cis.
1) cStimulus: cinjury coccurs cto cblood cvessel
2) cReceptor: cblood cvessel cdamage cis cdetected cby creceptors con cplatelets.
3) cControl cCenter: cactivated cplatelets crelease cchemicals cthat cattract cand cactivate cmore cplatelets.
4) cResponse: cplatelets cseal cblood cvessel.
5) cEnd cPoint cReached: conce cvessel cis csealed, cplatelet cactivity cdecreases.
What cfour cmajor celements cis cthe chuman cbody cmade cof? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔hydrogen, coxygen, ccarbon cand cnitrogen
What cseven cmineral celements cis cthe chuman cbody cmade cof? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔sodium, cpotassium, cchlorine, ccalcium,
cmagnesium, cphosphorus cand csulfur
What care cproperties cof cionic cbonds? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Ionic cbonds cform cwhen celectrons care ctransferred cfrom ca cmetal
catom cand ca cnon-metal catom. cIonic cbonds cstick ctogether clike cmagnets cand cthey cdissolve cin cwater.
What care cproperties cof ccovalent cbonds? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Covalent cmons cconsist cof ctwo cnon cmetal catoms csharing ctheir
celectrons. cCovalent cbonds ccan cbe cpolar cor cnon-polar. cThe cnon-polar ccovalent cbonds cshare celectrons. cIn cpolar ccovalent
cbond cone cof cthe catoms cpulls con cthe celectrons cmore cstrongly cresulting cin cunequal csharing cof celectrons.
Why ccan ccertain cinsects cwalk con cwater? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔This cis cdue cto cthe cstrong ccovalent cbonds cthat cform cbetween
cH2O cbonds.
How care ccovalent cbonds cpolar cand chow care cthey cnon cpolar? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔They care cpolar cbecause cone cof cthe
catoms cpulls con cthe celectrons cmore cstrongly, cresulting cin cunequal csharing cof celectrons. cCovalent cbond ccan calso cbe cnon-
polar cbecause cthe ctwo catoms cpull con cthe cshared celectrons cwith cequal cforce cand cthus cshare cthem cequally.
What cis ca chydrophilic cmolecule? cExample? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Hydrophilic cmeans c"water-loving". cWhich cmeans cthat
chydrophilic cmolecules cdissolve cin cwater can cexample cof ca chydrophilic cmolecule cis cionic cbonds.
What cis ca chydrophobic cmolecule? cExample? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Hydrophobic cmeans c"water-hating". cWhich cmeans cthat
chydrophobic cmolecules cdo cnot cdissolve cin cwater. cTwo cexamples cof cthis care coils cand cnon cpolar ccovalent ccompounds.
, What chappens cwhen can cacid cis cput cinto ca csolution? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔An cacid cis ca chydrogen cion cdonor. cA cmolecule
cthat, cwhen cput cin csolution c'donates' chydrogen cion(s) cto cthe csolution.
Increase chydrogen cion(s)=decreased cpH.
What chappens cwhen ca cbase cis cput cinto ca csolution? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔a cbase cis ca chydrogen cion cacceptor. cWhen cput
cinto ca csolution, ca cbase c'takes' chydrogen cion(s) cfrom cthe csolution.
Decreased chydrogen cion(s) cin ca csolution=increased cpH
What cis ca cbuffer? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔A cbuffer cprevents clarge cchanges cin cpH cwhen cacid cor cbase cis cadded cto csolution cby
c'hiding cor crevealing' cH+ cions.
What cis cthe cdifference cbetween cinorganic ccompounds cand corganic ccompounds? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔inorganic ccompounds
cgenerally cdo cnot ccontain ccarbon cbonded cto chydrogen(ex. cwater, cacids, cbases, csalts cand celectrolytes).
Organic ccompounds cdo ccontain ccarbon cbonded cto chydrogen.
What care cthe cfour cmajor corganic ccompounds cfound cin cthe chuman cbody? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔1) cCarbohydrates(our cbodies
cmain cenergy csource)
2) cLipids
3) cProteins
4) cNucleotides
What care ccarbohydrates cmade cof? cWhat cis ctheir cfunction cin cthe cbody? cWhat care cthree cexamples cof ccarbohydrates? c-
cCORRECT cANS✔✔-Made cup cof ccarbon, chydrogen cand coxygen
-Carbohydrates cfunction cin cthe cbody cis cfuel(energy cproduction) cand cstructure(cell cmembrane)
-Three cexamples cof ccarbohydrates care:
monosaccharides: cmonomers cfrom cwhich call ccarbohydrates care cmade cout cof.
disaccharides: ctwo cmonosaccharides cjoined cthrough cdehydration csynthesis.
polysaccharides: cmany cmonosaccharides cjoined cto cone canother cby cdehydration csynthesis.
What cis cthis? cWhat cdoes cis cit's cfunction cin cthe cbody? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Glycogen cis cthe cstorage cpolymer cof cglucose;
cfound cin cskeletal cmuscle cand cliver ccells.
What care clipids? cWhat care cfour cexamples cof clipids? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Lipids care ca cgroup cof cnon cpolar chydrophobic
cmolecules;es ccomposed cprimarily cof ccarbon cand chydrogen.
Four cexamples cof clipids care cfatty cacids, ctriglycerides, cphospholipids cand csteroids.
What care cfatty cacids? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔They care clipid cmonomers, c4 cto c20 ccarbon catoms clong. cMay chave cnone, cone cor
cmore cdouble cbonds cbetween ccarbons cin cthe chydrocarbon cchain.
What care ctriglycerides? cWhat cis ctheir cfunction? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔three cfatty cacids clinked cby cdehydration csynthesis cinto
cmodified c3-carbon ccarbohydrate cglycerol. cTheir cfunction cis cto cstore cmolecules cfor cfatty cacids cin cthe cbody.
What care cphospholipids? cWhat cis cthere cstructure? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Phospholipids ccontain ca cglycerol cbackbone, ctwo
cfatty cacid ctails cand cone cphosphate chead. cThe cphosphate chead cis cpolar cand cthe cfatty cacid ctails care cnon cpolar cand
camphiphillic(both chydrophobic cand chydrophilic)
What care csteroids? cWhat care cexamples cof csteroids? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Steroids care clipids cthat care cnon cpolar cwith ca
cbackbone cthat cis ca cfour-ring chydrocarbon cstructure ccalled cthe csteroid cnucleus. cTwo cexamples care ccholesterol cand
ctestosterone.
What care cproteins? cWhat cis cthere cfunction? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Proteins care cmacromolecules cmade cup cof camino cacids.
cThey cfold cinto ctertiary cor cquatenary cstructures cto cbecome cfunction. cThere cfunction cin cthe chuman cbody cis cstructure, cfunction
cand cregulation cin cfor cexample cenzymes, cstructural croles, ccell ccommunication(receptors, ctransporters), cmuscle ccontraction,
cmetabolism cfor cfuel, cand chormones.
What cis cthe cstructure cof camino cacids? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔They ccontain cand camine cgroup, can cR cgroup cand ca ccarboxylic
cacid cgroup.
What care cthe cfour clevels cof cprotein cstructure? cWhat cis ca cdescription cof ceach cof cthem? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔1) cPrimary
cStructure: cThe camino cacid csequence cof cthe cpolypeptide. cWhich ccodes cfor cthe cprotein.
2) cSecondary cstructure: cAmino cacids cof cthe cprotein cinteract cvia cH cbonds cto cform can calpha chelix cor ca cbeta-pleated csheet.
3) cTertiary cstructure: cInteractions cbetween cR cgroups chelp cto cdetermine cthe cshape cthe cprotein cassumes cafter cit cis cfolded.
4) cQuaternary cstructure: cThe cassembly cof ctwo cor cmore cpolypeptide cchains cunto cthe cfunctional cprotein. cNote cthat csome
cproteins clack cquaternary cstructure.
What care cnucleotides cmade cup cof? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔-They care cmonomers cof cnucleic cacids cand cthey cmake cup cgenetic
cmaterial. cNucleotides cmake cthe cpolymer cof cnucleic cacids ceither cDNA cor cRNA.
-They cconsist cof cthree ccomponents
1) cnitrogenous cbase cwith chydrocarbon cring cstructure, cthe cnitrogenous cbase ccan ceither ceither cconsist cof cthe cpurines cwhich
care cadenine cand cguanine cor cthe cpyrimidine cbases cwhich care ceither ccytosine, cguanine, cthymine cor curacil.
2) cFive ccarbon cpentose csugar ceither cribose cor cdeoxyribose.
3)Phosphate cgroup
What cis cATP cand cwhy cis cit cuseful? c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Adenosine ctripphosphate cis cthe cmain csource cof cchemical cenergy
cin cthe cbody. cIt cconsists cof can cadenine cwhich cis cattached cto cribose cand cthree cphosphate cgroups.
