NR 507 FINAL EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026 FULL PREPARATION
◉ Cathepsin. Answer: This enzyme mobilize calcium release from
bone which increases the serum calcium level.
◉ Chronic stimulation of PTH results in what?. Answer: Bone
remodeling.
◉ Chronic PTH stimulation can occur from what?. Answer:
parathyroid tumors (primary hyperparathyroidism) or chronic
hypocalcemia, as in end stage renal disease (secondary
hyperparathyroidism) This causes increased risk in bone fracture.
◉ Primary role of vitamin D3. Answer: Serves as cofactor with PTH
to increase GI absorption of calcium. Vitamin D3 also increased PTH-
mediated osteoclast stimulation.
◉ Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP)?. Answer:
Synthesized in adults and fetal tissue and utilizes same receptors as
PTH. Plays important role in placental calcium transport, lactation,
tooth development in the fetus.
,◉ Vitamin D plays important role and is essential for _________health..
Answer: Bone.
◉ Vitamin D deficiency causes:. Answer: infections, cancer, asthma,
heart disease, dementia, diabetes, pain, autoimmune disorders.
◉ Endocrine Pancrease is both an ____________gland and
___________gland.. Answer: Endocrine and exocrine
◉ Endocrine gland produces?. Answer: Hormones
◉ Exocrine gland produces?. Answer: digestive enzymes
◉ Pancreas houses the ________of ___________.. Answer: Islets of
Langerhans
◉ Islet of Langerhans have what four types of hormone- secreting
cells?. Answer: Alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin and amylin)
delta cells (gastrin and somatostatin and F cells ( secrete pancreatic
polypeptide).
◉ What do the pancreatic hormones regulate?. Answer: Carbs, fats
and proteins
,◉ Beta cells secrete?. Answer: Insulin
◉ Alpha cells secrete. Answer: Glucagon
◉ Nerves from both the______________and ____________________divisions
of the ______________________innervate the pancreatic islets.. Answer:
sympathetic and parasympathetic of the ANS.
◉ What part of the pancreas are alpha, beta and delta cells most
numerous?. Answer: Anterior lobe of pancreas
◉ Proinsulin. Answer: A precursor to synthesis of insulin by beta
cells
◉ Proinsulin is composed of what peptides?. Answer: A peptide, B
peptide and C peptide and two disulfide bonds.
◉ Which two peptides become insulin?. Answer: A and B peptides
which become bonded.
◉ Insulin is not bound to a _________________.. Answer: Carrier in
plasma
, ◉ Secretion of Insulin is regulated by?. Answer: Chemical, hormonal,
and neural control.
◉ High levels of insulin and sympathetic stimulation of the alpha
cells in islets diminishes insulin secretion using the
___________________feedback system.. Answer: Negative
◉ Insulin is secreted when glucose, amino acids, GI hormones
(glucoagon, gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin) increase or decrease?.
Answer: Increase
◉ Parasympathetic stimulation of Beta cells causes a release of?.
Answer: Insulin
◉ Insulin facilitates rate of glucose uptake into many cells within the
body. Insulin binds with with enzyme-linked plasma membrane
receptor that contains what?. Answer: tyrosine kinase on the
cytosolic surface
◉ Insulin receptor binding sends a cascade of signals to activate
what?. Answer: Glucose transporters for entry of glucose into the
cell.
◉ What is GLUT4?. Answer: Stored in cellular vesicles until it is
needed to facilitate glucose diffusion into cells.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026 FULL PREPARATION
◉ Cathepsin. Answer: This enzyme mobilize calcium release from
bone which increases the serum calcium level.
◉ Chronic stimulation of PTH results in what?. Answer: Bone
remodeling.
◉ Chronic PTH stimulation can occur from what?. Answer:
parathyroid tumors (primary hyperparathyroidism) or chronic
hypocalcemia, as in end stage renal disease (secondary
hyperparathyroidism) This causes increased risk in bone fracture.
◉ Primary role of vitamin D3. Answer: Serves as cofactor with PTH
to increase GI absorption of calcium. Vitamin D3 also increased PTH-
mediated osteoclast stimulation.
◉ Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP)?. Answer:
Synthesized in adults and fetal tissue and utilizes same receptors as
PTH. Plays important role in placental calcium transport, lactation,
tooth development in the fetus.
,◉ Vitamin D plays important role and is essential for _________health..
Answer: Bone.
◉ Vitamin D deficiency causes:. Answer: infections, cancer, asthma,
heart disease, dementia, diabetes, pain, autoimmune disorders.
◉ Endocrine Pancrease is both an ____________gland and
___________gland.. Answer: Endocrine and exocrine
◉ Endocrine gland produces?. Answer: Hormones
◉ Exocrine gland produces?. Answer: digestive enzymes
◉ Pancreas houses the ________of ___________.. Answer: Islets of
Langerhans
◉ Islet of Langerhans have what four types of hormone- secreting
cells?. Answer: Alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin and amylin)
delta cells (gastrin and somatostatin and F cells ( secrete pancreatic
polypeptide).
◉ What do the pancreatic hormones regulate?. Answer: Carbs, fats
and proteins
,◉ Beta cells secrete?. Answer: Insulin
◉ Alpha cells secrete. Answer: Glucagon
◉ Nerves from both the______________and ____________________divisions
of the ______________________innervate the pancreatic islets.. Answer:
sympathetic and parasympathetic of the ANS.
◉ What part of the pancreas are alpha, beta and delta cells most
numerous?. Answer: Anterior lobe of pancreas
◉ Proinsulin. Answer: A precursor to synthesis of insulin by beta
cells
◉ Proinsulin is composed of what peptides?. Answer: A peptide, B
peptide and C peptide and two disulfide bonds.
◉ Which two peptides become insulin?. Answer: A and B peptides
which become bonded.
◉ Insulin is not bound to a _________________.. Answer: Carrier in
plasma
, ◉ Secretion of Insulin is regulated by?. Answer: Chemical, hormonal,
and neural control.
◉ High levels of insulin and sympathetic stimulation of the alpha
cells in islets diminishes insulin secretion using the
___________________feedback system.. Answer: Negative
◉ Insulin is secreted when glucose, amino acids, GI hormones
(glucoagon, gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin) increase or decrease?.
Answer: Increase
◉ Parasympathetic stimulation of Beta cells causes a release of?.
Answer: Insulin
◉ Insulin facilitates rate of glucose uptake into many cells within the
body. Insulin binds with with enzyme-linked plasma membrane
receptor that contains what?. Answer: tyrosine kinase on the
cytosolic surface
◉ Insulin receptor binding sends a cascade of signals to activate
what?. Answer: Glucose transporters for entry of glucose into the
cell.
◉ What is GLUT4?. Answer: Stored in cellular vesicles until it is
needed to facilitate glucose diffusion into cells.
