TEST BANK for A History of World
k k k k k k
Societies, 12th Edition by Merry E.
k k k k k k
Wiesner-Hanks
COMPLETE CHAPTERS 1-k k
33| A+ GRADED ALL ANSWERS AT THE BACK OF E
k k k k k k k k k
ACH CHAPTER
k
Page k |k1
, Chapterk01_Essay
Answerk eachk ofkthek followingkquestionskwithk ank essay.k Bek surek tok includekspecifickexampleskthatk suppor
tk yourk thesiskand kconclusions.
1. Whatk arek somekofkthekproblemsk ink usingk evidencekfromkcontemporary kgathererk societiesk tokstudyk ea
rly k humans?
2. Howk did kearly kHomo kerectuskspreadk outkofkEastk Africak into kotherkpartskofk thekworld?kWherek did kt
hey k go,k andk howk earlyk didk theyk reach kthosek places?
3. Whatk were kthekkey kfeaturesk ofkPaleolithickfoodk attainmentk andk Paleolithick diets?
4. Whatk areksomekof k thek theoriesk aboutk genderkrelationshipsk in k Paleolithick societies? kWhatkchangedk
in k thosekrelationshipsk in k thekNeolithic kperiod?k Whatkkindskof kevidencek arekusedk ink supportingk ork ar
guingk againstk thesek theories?
5. Whatk isk thek relationship kbetweenkpastoralism,kdisease,k and khumans?
6. Howk didk materialkgoodsk create,k define,kand kperpetuateksocialkhierarchieskink Neolithick societies?
AnswerkKey
1. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Because k thek earliestk humansk didk notkleavek behindk writtenk evidence,kscientistsk havek studied kmore
k recentk societieskthatk livedk by ksimilark gatheringk means. k However,k mostk evidencek aboutk recentk gathererks
ocietiesk wask written kbyk externalksourcesk andk thusk includesk theirkbiasesk andk expectations,ksuchk ask thekinf
eriority k ofkforagingkask ak lifestyle.kFurthermore,k fewkmodernkforagerskork gathererskarek trulyk isolatedkfromk
thek influencek ofk otherk agriculturalk ork industrialk cultures.k Also,k thisk approachk assumesk thatkgatherer
Page k |k2
,societiesk areksomehowk statickand kremain kunchanged koverk manyk centuries,k whichk ignoreskthek evidencekof
k howk adaptable ksuchk societieskreally kare.
2. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Homo k erectuskmigratedk outkofk Eastk Africak into kcentralkAfrica,k andk thenkintoknorthernk Africa.kT
hisk migration k took kplacek 2k millionk yearsk ago.k Ask earlyk ask 1.8k millionk yearsk ago,kHomok erectusk hadk spr
ead k to k Asia,kreachingk Chinakandk Javak by k1.5 kmillion kyearsk ago.kThesek migrationsk took kplacek overk land,
k alongk coastlinek routes. k Because ksea k levelskwere klowerkthen,k individualsk couldk crosskfrom kthek mainland
k of k Chinak to kJavak on kfoot. kHomok erectusk alsok movedk northwardk fromk Africa, k into kSpain kbyk 800,000k ye
arsk ago k and kintok Germany k500,000k yearskago.k Ink each kofk thesek places,k theyk adaptedk huntingk and kgather
ingk techniquesk tok theklocalk environment.
3. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Thek Paleolithickdietk consistedk ofkakcombination kofk plantskandk animalkprotein.kPaleolithickpeopl
esk foraged kfork theirk food,k engagingk in kwhatk wekwouldk considerkakcombination kofkhunting,kscavenging,
k and k gathering. kMostk ofk whatk theyk atek werek plants. kAnimalk protein koften kcamek fromk scavengedk foodsk
likek insectskandk shellfishk ratherkthan kbeingk hunted kdirectly.kItk iskunknownk ask tok whetherk laborkwask div
ided k between kgenders,kbutk inktoday'sk foragingk societies,ktherekisksomek division,kwith kmenk engagingk ink
huntingk largek animalsk andk womenk responsiblek fork gatheringk plantsk and ksmallk animals.k Itk took kbetween
k ten k andk twentyk hoursk perkweekk tok gatherkfood, k butk thisk numberkvariedk dependingk onk environmentalkf
actorsk andk group kdecisions.kBecausek Paleolithickpeoplesk hadk tok foragek fork theirkdiet,k theyk expendedken
ergy k and,kin kgeneral,k avoidedk diseasesk commonk ink sedentaryk societies.k Lifek spansk werek keptk in kcheckk
by k accidents,kinjuries,k and kinfections.
4. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Studiesk ofk morek recentk foragingk societiesk suggestkthatk womenk werek valuedk fork theirk labor,k whi
ch k wask recognizedk ask equalkto kthek workk ofk men.kBothk menk and kwomen kforagedk forkfood,k andk both kpart
icipated k in khunting.kOtherkscholarsktheorizek thatk evenk in kPaleolithick societyk onek personk may khavek emer
ged k ask ak leader,k perhapskbased konk personalk skill,k andk thatkthisk personk waskalmostk alwaysk ak man.kItk isk
morek certain kthatk by kthek Neolithickperiod,k afterk thekinvention kofkplowkagriculture,k society kbecamekmore
k hierarchicalkand kmenk tookkonk more kofka kpublic, kelitek status. kWomen kwere klimitedkto kthek homek orkenclo
sed k spaces,k andk landk inheritancekfavoredk menk overk women.k Evidencekfork genderkroleskin k thek Neolithick
period k comeskfromk laterkwritten ktraditions.
Page k |k3
, 5. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Pastoralism k iskthekherdingk and kraisingkofklivestock.kItk requiresk humansk tok livekin kclosek contactk w
ith k theirk herd kanimals,kthusk exposingk humansk tok variouskanimal-
bornek diseases,k suchk ask smallpox.k Initially,k exposurek tok diseaseskmay khavek caused khigherkmortalityk rates
k in k pastoralistk societies, k butk overk time, k humansk would k havek developedk some kresistancek tok them. k Forager
sk werek notk exposedk tok thesek diseaseskand kthuskdidk notk develop kanyk resistance kto kthem.k Whenk ak pastorali
stk society kencounteredk ak foragerk society,k thiskmightkhavek led kthek formerkto k exposek thek latterkto kdeadly kp
athogens.
6. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Thek possessionk ofk materialk goods—
such k asklivestock,k dwellingk structures,kplows,k carts,k and kpots—
indicated kthatk somek individualsk had k controlk overkmoreklabor.k Laborkwask usedk tok acquirekmaterialk good
s.k Thek morek materialk goodskonek had,kthek moreklabork onekcontrolled.kThiskindicatedk status;k tok controlkla
bork wask tok havekakhigherk statusk thank others.k Havingk materialkgoodsk gavekonekthek abilityk tok acquirek yet
k more k materialk goodsk andk tok continuek to kacquirek status. k Materialk goods, k alongk with k land, kcould kalsok c
onstitutek ank inheritance,kandk thuskperpetuatek statusk intok theknextk generation.
Chapterk01_Matching
Usek thekfollowingk tok answerk questionsk 1-15:
Selectk thek wordkorkphrasek fromk thek Termsk section kthatk bestk matchesk thek definitionk orkexamplek provided k
in k thek Definitionsksection.
Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division k ofklabor
d. animism
e. socialk hierarchies
f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic k era
h. Agriculturalk Revolution
g. foraging
Page k |k4
k k k k k k
Societies, 12th Edition by Merry E.
k k k k k k
Wiesner-Hanks
COMPLETE CHAPTERS 1-k k
33| A+ GRADED ALL ANSWERS AT THE BACK OF E
k k k k k k k k k
ACH CHAPTER
k
Page k |k1
, Chapterk01_Essay
Answerk eachk ofkthek followingkquestionskwithk ank essay.k Bek surek tok includekspecifickexampleskthatk suppor
tk yourk thesiskand kconclusions.
1. Whatk arek somekofkthekproblemsk ink usingk evidencekfromkcontemporary kgathererk societiesk tokstudyk ea
rly k humans?
2. Howk did kearly kHomo kerectuskspreadk outkofkEastk Africak into kotherkpartskofk thekworld?kWherek did kt
hey k go,k andk howk earlyk didk theyk reach kthosek places?
3. Whatk were kthekkey kfeaturesk ofkPaleolithickfoodk attainmentk andk Paleolithick diets?
4. Whatk areksomekof k thek theoriesk aboutk genderkrelationshipsk in k Paleolithick societies? kWhatkchangedk
in k thosekrelationshipsk in k thekNeolithic kperiod?k Whatkkindskof kevidencek arekusedk ink supportingk ork ar
guingk againstk thesek theories?
5. Whatk isk thek relationship kbetweenkpastoralism,kdisease,k and khumans?
6. Howk didk materialkgoodsk create,k define,kand kperpetuateksocialkhierarchieskink Neolithick societies?
AnswerkKey
1. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Because k thek earliestk humansk didk notkleavek behindk writtenk evidence,kscientistsk havek studied kmore
k recentk societieskthatk livedk by ksimilark gatheringk means. k However,k mostk evidencek aboutk recentk gathererks
ocietiesk wask written kbyk externalksourcesk andk thusk includesk theirkbiasesk andk expectations,ksuchk ask thekinf
eriority k ofkforagingkask ak lifestyle.kFurthermore,k fewkmodernkforagerskork gathererskarek trulyk isolatedkfromk
thek influencek ofk otherk agriculturalk ork industrialk cultures.k Also,k thisk approachk assumesk thatkgatherer
Page k |k2
,societiesk areksomehowk statickand kremain kunchanged koverk manyk centuries,k whichk ignoreskthek evidencekof
k howk adaptable ksuchk societieskreally kare.
2. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Homo k erectuskmigratedk outkofk Eastk Africak into kcentralkAfrica,k andk thenkintoknorthernk Africa.kT
hisk migration k took kplacek 2k millionk yearsk ago.k Ask earlyk ask 1.8k millionk yearsk ago,kHomok erectusk hadk spr
ead k to k Asia,kreachingk Chinakandk Javak by k1.5 kmillion kyearsk ago.kThesek migrationsk took kplacek overk land,
k alongk coastlinek routes. k Because ksea k levelskwere klowerkthen,k individualsk couldk crosskfrom kthek mainland
k of k Chinak to kJavak on kfoot. kHomok erectusk alsok movedk northwardk fromk Africa, k into kSpain kbyk 800,000k ye
arsk ago k and kintok Germany k500,000k yearskago.k Ink each kofk thesek places,k theyk adaptedk huntingk and kgather
ingk techniquesk tok theklocalk environment.
3. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Thek Paleolithickdietk consistedk ofkakcombination kofk plantskandk animalkprotein.kPaleolithickpeopl
esk foraged kfork theirk food,k engagingk in kwhatk wekwouldk considerkakcombination kofkhunting,kscavenging,
k and k gathering. kMostk ofk whatk theyk atek werek plants. kAnimalk protein koften kcamek fromk scavengedk foodsk
likek insectskandk shellfishk ratherkthan kbeingk hunted kdirectly.kItk iskunknownk ask tok whetherk laborkwask div
ided k between kgenders,kbutk inktoday'sk foragingk societies,ktherekisksomek division,kwith kmenk engagingk ink
huntingk largek animalsk andk womenk responsiblek fork gatheringk plantsk and ksmallk animals.k Itk took kbetween
k ten k andk twentyk hoursk perkweekk tok gatherkfood, k butk thisk numberkvariedk dependingk onk environmentalkf
actorsk andk group kdecisions.kBecausek Paleolithickpeoplesk hadk tok foragek fork theirkdiet,k theyk expendedken
ergy k and,kin kgeneral,k avoidedk diseasesk commonk ink sedentaryk societies.k Lifek spansk werek keptk in kcheckk
by k accidents,kinjuries,k and kinfections.
4. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Studiesk ofk morek recentk foragingk societiesk suggestkthatk womenk werek valuedk fork theirk labor,k whi
ch k wask recognizedk ask equalkto kthek workk ofk men.kBothk menk and kwomen kforagedk forkfood,k andk both kpart
icipated k in khunting.kOtherkscholarsktheorizek thatk evenk in kPaleolithick societyk onek personk may khavek emer
ged k ask ak leader,k perhapskbased konk personalk skill,k andk thatkthisk personk waskalmostk alwaysk ak man.kItk isk
morek certain kthatk by kthek Neolithickperiod,k afterk thekinvention kofkplowkagriculture,k society kbecamekmore
k hierarchicalkand kmenk tookkonk more kofka kpublic, kelitek status. kWomen kwere klimitedkto kthek homek orkenclo
sed k spaces,k andk landk inheritancekfavoredk menk overk women.k Evidencekfork genderkroleskin k thek Neolithick
period k comeskfromk laterkwritten ktraditions.
Page k |k3
, 5. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Pastoralism k iskthekherdingk and kraisingkofklivestock.kItk requiresk humansk tok livekin kclosek contactk w
ith k theirk herd kanimals,kthusk exposingk humansk tok variouskanimal-
bornek diseases,k suchk ask smallpox.k Initially,k exposurek tok diseaseskmay khavek caused khigherkmortalityk rates
k in k pastoralistk societies, k butk overk time, k humansk would k havek developedk some kresistancek tok them. k Forager
sk werek notk exposedk tok thesek diseaseskand kthuskdidk notk develop kanyk resistance kto kthem.k Whenk ak pastorali
stk society kencounteredk ak foragerk society,k thiskmightkhavek led kthek formerkto k exposek thek latterkto kdeadly kp
athogens.
6. Answerk would kideally kinclude:
• Thek possessionk ofk materialk goods—
such k asklivestock,k dwellingk structures,kplows,k carts,k and kpots—
indicated kthatk somek individualsk had k controlk overkmoreklabor.k Laborkwask usedk tok acquirekmaterialk good
s.k Thek morek materialk goodskonek had,kthek moreklabork onekcontrolled.kThiskindicatedk status;k tok controlkla
bork wask tok havekakhigherk statusk thank others.k Havingk materialkgoodsk gavekonekthek abilityk tok acquirek yet
k more k materialk goodsk andk tok continuek to kacquirek status. k Materialk goods, k alongk with k land, kcould kalsok c
onstitutek ank inheritance,kandk thuskperpetuatek statusk intok theknextk generation.
Chapterk01_Matching
Usek thekfollowingk tok answerk questionsk 1-15:
Selectk thek wordkorkphrasek fromk thek Termsk section kthatk bestk matchesk thek definitionk orkexamplek provided k
in k thek Definitionsksection.
Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division k ofklabor
d. animism
e. socialk hierarchies
f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic k era
h. Agriculturalk Revolution
g. foraging
Page k |k4
