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BIO 411 Final Questions with Answers (100% Correct
Answers)
Virus Answer: Contains virion
Small, infectious agent that replicates in living cells
Virion Answer: Extracellular form of a virus, has a protein coat and a
lipid envelope, cannot replicate alone
Fully assembled, infectious virus particle
Viroids Answer: short, circluar RNA strand; self-replicaiton; no protein
coat (tomato, avocado, potato, plums)
Virusoids Answer: non self-replication ssRNA; requires helper virus
(enters host cell, virusoids release, helper virus undergoes normal
replication, only replicated RNA) infects plants
Prions Answer: Misfolded proteins that can cause nerurodegenerative
diseases in animals
Proteinaceous infection particles; comes in filtrate, infects with UV
radiation, and denatures DNA/RNA
© 2025 All rights reserved
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Transmitted through ingestion, transplants, and surgical instruments
Causes mad cow disease, CJD, Keru, fatal familial insomnia, and sheep
scrapie
Affect the brain
Sterilization Answer: Destroys all microbial life
Disinfection Answer: Destroys harmful microorganisms
Antisepsis Answer: Destroys harmful microorganisms from living tissue
Sanitization Answer: Lowering microbial counts on eating utensils to
safe levels
Pasteurization Answer: Reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens
(does not kill all mictobes) used for milk/cheese
Biocide Answer: (germicide) treatments that kill microbes
Bacteriostasis Answer: inhibits but does not kill microbes (suppresses
bacterial growth)
Moist heat Answer: denatures proteins
© 2025 All rights reserved
BIO 411 Final Questions with Answers (100% Correct
Answers)
Virus Answer: Contains virion
Small, infectious agent that replicates in living cells
Virion Answer: Extracellular form of a virus, has a protein coat and a
lipid envelope, cannot replicate alone
Fully assembled, infectious virus particle
Viroids Answer: short, circluar RNA strand; self-replicaiton; no protein
coat (tomato, avocado, potato, plums)
Virusoids Answer: non self-replication ssRNA; requires helper virus
(enters host cell, virusoids release, helper virus undergoes normal
replication, only replicated RNA) infects plants
Prions Answer: Misfolded proteins that can cause nerurodegenerative
diseases in animals
Proteinaceous infection particles; comes in filtrate, infects with UV
radiation, and denatures DNA/RNA
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2
Transmitted through ingestion, transplants, and surgical instruments
Causes mad cow disease, CJD, Keru, fatal familial insomnia, and sheep
scrapie
Affect the brain
Sterilization Answer: Destroys all microbial life
Disinfection Answer: Destroys harmful microorganisms
Antisepsis Answer: Destroys harmful microorganisms from living tissue
Sanitization Answer: Lowering microbial counts on eating utensils to
safe levels
Pasteurization Answer: Reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens
(does not kill all mictobes) used for milk/cheese
Biocide Answer: (germicide) treatments that kill microbes
Bacteriostasis Answer: inhibits but does not kill microbes (suppresses
bacterial growth)
Moist heat Answer: denatures proteins
© 2025 All rights reserved
