UF OTH3416 - Exam 3 Topics
questions with complete solutions
2025/2026
The hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus,
heart, kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, GI tract, ovaries and testis compose the: - ANS
✔✔Endocrine system
Throughout life, hormones are responsible for: - ANS ✔✔-maintaining homeostasis
-initiating adaptive responses during crisis situations
In the fetus, hormones are responsible for: - ANS ✔✔growth and development as well as for the
differentiation of the nervous system and reproductive system
During childhood and adolescence, hormones are responsible for: - ANS ✔✔growth
In adults, hormones are responsible for: - ANS ✔✔continuous reproductive function in both
genders
__________ are chemical messengers that convert specific regulatory information among cells
and organs - ANS ✔✔Hormones
______ glands secrete hormones in response to specific signals - ANS ✔✔Endocrine
Secreting a hormone means both: - ANS ✔✔-synthesizing the hormone
-releasing it into the circulation
,From the circulation, hormones move into the interstitial space, where they are picked up: -
ANS ✔✔target cells
Hormones are present in the ______ fluid, thus exposing all cells to the circulating hormones -
ANS ✔✔interstitial
-A cell that possesses receptors for the specific hormone
-hormone receptors recognize and bind to a specific hormone - ANS ✔✔Target cell
Target cells respond to the hormone by performing a specific activity or function through
activation of intracellular effectors: - ANS ✔✔-gene activation
-Enzyme activations
triggers protein production - ANS ✔✔gene activation
increases metabolism and/ or triggers other cellular processes - ANS ✔✔enzyme activation
-hormones that regulate growth cause the cell to express genes that produce certain proteins
-intracellular effectors are genes - ANS ✔✔gene activation for protein synthesis
muscle hypertrophy is triggered by _____ hormones such as testosterone - ANS ✔✔steroid
-Some hormones increase energy production of target cells by increasing metabolism
-the intracellular effectors are enzymes - ANS ✔✔enzyme activation for increased metabolism
The number of receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells is: - ANS ✔✔dynamic
,the _____ theory states that a cell can modify the number of plasma membrane receptors to
protect itself - ANS ✔✔fluid mosaic
the more receptors the cell possesses, the ____ sensitive the cell is to the effects of a hormone
and vice versa - ANS ✔✔more
-low blood levels of a hormone result in an increase in the number of receptors per cell - ANS
✔✔up-regulation of receptors
-high blood levels of a hormone result in a decreased in the number of receptors per cell - ANS
✔✔Down-regulation of receptors
-They are secreted by endocrine glands into the circulation
-they reach their target cells through the circulation
-they affects only target cells
-they are deactivated by their target cells or by the liver and they are excreted through the
kidneys
-they operate through negative feedback cycle to maintain homeostasis
-they have specific secretion patterns - ANS ✔✔6 general characteristics shared by all hormones
They have specific secretion patterns: - ANS ✔✔-Diurnal or cyclic patterns
-Pulsative patterns that depend on the levels of circulating hormones or circulating substrates
______ hormone is secreted at night - ANS ✔✔growth
______ is secreted when levels of circulation LH/ FSH are high - ANS ✔✔Estrogen
, ______ is secreted after a meal in response to high blood glucose - ANS ✔✔Insulin
_______ hormone is secreted when calcium blood levels are low - ANS ✔✔Parathyroid
________ is secreted in response to increased ACTH levels and increased catecholamine levels
as well as in response to low blood sugar - ANS ✔✔Cortisol
Water soluble hormones bind to: - ANS ✔✔plasma membrane receptors
Fat soluble hormones bind to: - ANS ✔✔intracellular receptors
-The stomach and intestinal tract converts food into glucose
-Glucose from the stomach enters the blood stream
-When glucose reaches the pancreas, it causes the pancreas to release insulin
-Insulin causes its target cells to take-up glucose from the blood
-Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen and in adipose tissue as fat - ANS ✔✔The
pathway of glucose
The stomach and intestinal tract converts food into ________ - ANS ✔✔glucose
Glucose from the stomach enters the _________ - ANS ✔✔blood stream
When glucose reaches the _______, it causes the pancreas to release insulin - ANS ✔✔pancreas
______ causes its target cells to take-up glucose from the blood - ANS ✔✔Insulin
Which cells does insulin target? - ANS ✔✔-liver
questions with complete solutions
2025/2026
The hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus,
heart, kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, GI tract, ovaries and testis compose the: - ANS
✔✔Endocrine system
Throughout life, hormones are responsible for: - ANS ✔✔-maintaining homeostasis
-initiating adaptive responses during crisis situations
In the fetus, hormones are responsible for: - ANS ✔✔growth and development as well as for the
differentiation of the nervous system and reproductive system
During childhood and adolescence, hormones are responsible for: - ANS ✔✔growth
In adults, hormones are responsible for: - ANS ✔✔continuous reproductive function in both
genders
__________ are chemical messengers that convert specific regulatory information among cells
and organs - ANS ✔✔Hormones
______ glands secrete hormones in response to specific signals - ANS ✔✔Endocrine
Secreting a hormone means both: - ANS ✔✔-synthesizing the hormone
-releasing it into the circulation
,From the circulation, hormones move into the interstitial space, where they are picked up: -
ANS ✔✔target cells
Hormones are present in the ______ fluid, thus exposing all cells to the circulating hormones -
ANS ✔✔interstitial
-A cell that possesses receptors for the specific hormone
-hormone receptors recognize and bind to a specific hormone - ANS ✔✔Target cell
Target cells respond to the hormone by performing a specific activity or function through
activation of intracellular effectors: - ANS ✔✔-gene activation
-Enzyme activations
triggers protein production - ANS ✔✔gene activation
increases metabolism and/ or triggers other cellular processes - ANS ✔✔enzyme activation
-hormones that regulate growth cause the cell to express genes that produce certain proteins
-intracellular effectors are genes - ANS ✔✔gene activation for protein synthesis
muscle hypertrophy is triggered by _____ hormones such as testosterone - ANS ✔✔steroid
-Some hormones increase energy production of target cells by increasing metabolism
-the intracellular effectors are enzymes - ANS ✔✔enzyme activation for increased metabolism
The number of receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells is: - ANS ✔✔dynamic
,the _____ theory states that a cell can modify the number of plasma membrane receptors to
protect itself - ANS ✔✔fluid mosaic
the more receptors the cell possesses, the ____ sensitive the cell is to the effects of a hormone
and vice versa - ANS ✔✔more
-low blood levels of a hormone result in an increase in the number of receptors per cell - ANS
✔✔up-regulation of receptors
-high blood levels of a hormone result in a decreased in the number of receptors per cell - ANS
✔✔Down-regulation of receptors
-They are secreted by endocrine glands into the circulation
-they reach their target cells through the circulation
-they affects only target cells
-they are deactivated by their target cells or by the liver and they are excreted through the
kidneys
-they operate through negative feedback cycle to maintain homeostasis
-they have specific secretion patterns - ANS ✔✔6 general characteristics shared by all hormones
They have specific secretion patterns: - ANS ✔✔-Diurnal or cyclic patterns
-Pulsative patterns that depend on the levels of circulating hormones or circulating substrates
______ hormone is secreted at night - ANS ✔✔growth
______ is secreted when levels of circulation LH/ FSH are high - ANS ✔✔Estrogen
, ______ is secreted after a meal in response to high blood glucose - ANS ✔✔Insulin
_______ hormone is secreted when calcium blood levels are low - ANS ✔✔Parathyroid
________ is secreted in response to increased ACTH levels and increased catecholamine levels
as well as in response to low blood sugar - ANS ✔✔Cortisol
Water soluble hormones bind to: - ANS ✔✔plasma membrane receptors
Fat soluble hormones bind to: - ANS ✔✔intracellular receptors
-The stomach and intestinal tract converts food into glucose
-Glucose from the stomach enters the blood stream
-When glucose reaches the pancreas, it causes the pancreas to release insulin
-Insulin causes its target cells to take-up glucose from the blood
-Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen and in adipose tissue as fat - ANS ✔✔The
pathway of glucose
The stomach and intestinal tract converts food into ________ - ANS ✔✔glucose
Glucose from the stomach enters the _________ - ANS ✔✔blood stream
When glucose reaches the _______, it causes the pancreas to release insulin - ANS ✔✔pancreas
______ causes its target cells to take-up glucose from the blood - ANS ✔✔Insulin
Which cells does insulin target? - ANS ✔✔-liver
