CISSN Exam Review Questions and
Answers 100% PASS
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - CORRECT ANSWER--
carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via
an energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of
sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is
suggested that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of
H+ originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force
,What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? -
CORRECT ANSWER-- a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water
soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin,
research has not substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to
remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting
muscle function? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors? - CORRECT ANSWER-Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate,
pyruvate, glycerol (a catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino acids
(glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Results suggest that moderate consumption of both
caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger
and middle-aged women. Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the
development of type II diabetes
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - CORRECT
ANSWER-- The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate
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protected by copyright law
,supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle
forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the
rate of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense
training, in particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant
fuel source during distance running? - CORRECT ANSWER-fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? -
CORRECT ANSWER-approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and
performance? - CORRECT ANSWER-decrease thermoregulation and
performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-
exhaustion and dehydration stress? - CORRECT ANSWER-Results demonstrate
that AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing
time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely
mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
, Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - CORRECT ANSWER-Complete acclimation takes up to
14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4
weeks? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end
product of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective
tissue. According to the clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered
as an anti-catabolic substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA
supplementation on body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
and physical performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - CORRECT ANSWER-a body composition recording
device that uses air displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions
does one fuel source predominate over the other? - CORRECT ANSWER--Fat
oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? -
CORRECT ANSWER--betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise
© 2026 Copyright. All Rights Reserved. This document is
protected by copyright law
Answers 100% PASS
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - CORRECT ANSWER--
carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via
an energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of
sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is
suggested that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of
H+ originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force
,What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? -
CORRECT ANSWER-- a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water
soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin,
research has not substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to
remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting
muscle function? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors? - CORRECT ANSWER-Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate,
pyruvate, glycerol (a catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino acids
(glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Results suggest that moderate consumption of both
caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger
and middle-aged women. Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the
development of type II diabetes
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - CORRECT
ANSWER-- The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate
© 2026 Copyright. All Rights Reserved. This document is
protected by copyright law
,supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle
forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the
rate of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense
training, in particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant
fuel source during distance running? - CORRECT ANSWER-fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? -
CORRECT ANSWER-approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and
performance? - CORRECT ANSWER-decrease thermoregulation and
performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-
exhaustion and dehydration stress? - CORRECT ANSWER-Results demonstrate
that AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing
time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely
mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
, Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - CORRECT ANSWER-Complete acclimation takes up to
14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4
weeks? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end
product of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective
tissue. According to the clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered
as an anti-catabolic substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA
supplementation on body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
and physical performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - CORRECT ANSWER-a body composition recording
device that uses air displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions
does one fuel source predominate over the other? - CORRECT ANSWER--Fat
oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? -
CORRECT ANSWER--betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise
© 2026 Copyright. All Rights Reserved. This document is
protected by copyright law
