FTCE ESE LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Seven fundamental provisions of IDEA - ✔✔1. Free Appropriate Public Education
(FAPE)
2. Notification and procedural rights for parents.
3. Identification and services to all children
4. Necessary related services.
5. Individualized assessments
6. Individualized Education Plans (IEP's)
7. Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
✔✔Goss v. Lopez, 1975 - ✔✔This case ruled that the state could not deny a student
education without following due process. While this decision is not based on a special
education issue, the process of school suspension and expulsion is obviously critical in
assuring an appropriate public education to children with disabilities.
✔✔Public Law 95-56 (Gifted and Talented Children's Act), 1978 - ✔✔This case defined
the gifted and talented population, and focused upon this exceptionally category, which
was not included in Public Law 94-142
✔✔*Larry P. V. Riles, 1979 - ✔✔This case ordered the reevaluation of black students
enrolled in classes for educable mental retardation (EMR) and enjoined the California
State Department of Education from the use of intelligible tests in subsequent EMR
placement decisions.
✔✔Parents in Action on Special Education (PASE) v. Hannon, 1980 - ✔✔Ruled that IQ
tests are necessarily biased against ethnic and racial subcultures.
✔✔Board of Education v. Rowley, 1982 - ✔✔Amy Rowley was a deaf elementary
school student whose parents rejected their school district's proposal to provide a tutor
and speech therapist services to supplement their daughter's instruction in the regular
classroom. Her parents insisted on an interpreter even though Amy was making
satisfactory social, academic, and educational progress without one. In deciding in favor
of the school district, the Supreme Court ruled that school districts must provide those
services that permit a student with disabilities to benefit from instruction. Essentially, the
court ruled that the states are obligated to provide a "basic floor of opportunity" that is
reasonable to allow the child to benefit from social education.
✔✔Public Law 98-199 (Education of the Handicapped Act [EHA] Amendments), 1983 -
✔✔P.L. 94-142 was amended to provide added emphasis on parental education and
preschool, secondary, and post-secondary programs for children and youth with
disabilities.
,✔✔Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, 1984 - ✔✔EHA and IDEA list health
services as one of the "related services" that schools are mandated to provide to
exceptional students. Amber Tatro, who had Spina Bifida, required the insertion of a
catheter on a regular schedule in order to empty her bladder. The issue was specifically
over the classification of clean, intermittent catheterization (CIC) as a medical service
(not covered under IDEA) or a "related health service" which would be covered. In this
instance, the catheterization was not declared a medical service, but a "related service"
necessary for the student to have in order to benefit from special education. The school
district was obliged to provide the service. The Tatro case has implications for students
with other medical impairments who may need services to allow them to attend classes
at the school.
✔✔Smith v. Robinson, 1984 - ✔✔Concerned reimbursement of attorney's fees for
parents who win litigation under IDEA. At the time of this case, IDEA did not provide for
such reimbursement. Following this ruling, Congress passed a law awarding attorneys'
fees to parents who win their litigation.
✔✔Public Law 99-372 (Handicapped Children's Protection Act of 1985) - ✔✔This law
allowed parents who are unsuccessful in due process hearing or reviews to seek
recovery of attorneys' fees.
✔✔P.L. 99-457, 1986 (Revisions of EHA) - ✔✔Beginning with the 1991-1992 school
year, special education programs were required for children ages 3-5, with most states
offering outreach programs to identify children with special needs from birth to age 3. In
place of or in addition to an annual IEP, the entire family's needs are addressed by an
Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP), which is reviewed with the family every six
months.
✔✔Public Law 99-457 (Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986) - ✔✔It
reauthorized existing EHA, amended P.L. 94-142 to include financial incentives for
states to educate children 3 to 5 years old by the 1990-1991 school year, and
established incentive grants to promote programs serving infants with disabilities (birth
to 2 years of age)
✔✔Public Law 99-506 (Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1986) - ✔✔It authorized
formula grant funds for the development of supported employment demonstration
projects.
✔✔School Board of Nassau County v. Arline, 1987 - ✔✔This case established that
contagious diseases are a disability under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and that
people with them are protected from discrimination if otherwise qualified (actual risk to
health and safety to others made persons unqualified)
✔✔Honig v. Doe, 1988 - ✔✔Essentially, students may not be denied education from
school when their misbehavior is related to their handicap. The "stay put" provision of
, IDEA allows students to remain in their current educational setting pending the outcome
if administrative or judicial hearings. In the case of behavior that is a danger to the
student or to others, the court allows school districts to apply their normal procedures
for dealing with dangerous behavior, such as time-out, loss of privileges, detention, or
study carrels. Where the student has presented an immediate threat to others, that
student may be temporarily suspended for up to 10 school days to give the school and
the parents time to review the IEP and discuss possible alternatives to the current
placement.
✔✔Public Law 101-336 (Americans with Disabilities Act ADA), 1990 - ✔✔This law was
patterned after section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and gives civil rights
protection to individuals with disabilities in private sector employment, all public
services, public accommodations, and telecommunications. It bars discrimination in
employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications in all
aspects of life, not just those receiving federal funding. Title II and Title III are applicable
to special education because they cover the private sector, such as private schools, and
require access to public accommodations. New and remodeled public building,
transportation vehicles, and telephone systems now must be accessible to the
handicapped. ADA also protects individuals with contagious diseases, such as AIDS,
from discrimination.
*Opens the door for people with disabilities to be employed through community based
training and job coaches.
✔✔Public Law 101-476 (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act/IDEA), 1990 -
✔✔Reauthorized and renamed existing EHA. This amendment to EHA changed the
term "handicapped" to "disability," expanded related services, and required individual
education programs (IEPs) to contain transitional goals and objectives for adolescents
(ages 16 and above, special situations)
✔✔Florence County School District Four v, Shannon Carter, 1993 - ✔✔This case
established that when a school district does not provide FAPE for a student with a
disability, the parents may seek reimbursement for private schooling. This decision has
encouraged districts to be more inclusive of students with autism who receive
ABA/Lovaas therapy.
✔✔IDEA 97 reauthorization - ✔✔This amendment retains the major provisions of
previous federal laws and also includes modifications to the law. Some of the changes
include: participation of students with disabilities in statewide assessment programs with
accommodations when required; changes to IEP with emphasis on students with
disabilities participating in the general curriculum and regular education teachers taking
part in developing the IEP; lowering the age to begin focusing on transition service
needs from 16 to 14; the guarantee that no student with a disability is deprived of
continuing educational services because of behavior.
✔✔No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), 2002 - ✔✔Public Law 107-110. It addresses
accountability of school personnel for student achievement with the expectation that
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Seven fundamental provisions of IDEA - ✔✔1. Free Appropriate Public Education
(FAPE)
2. Notification and procedural rights for parents.
3. Identification and services to all children
4. Necessary related services.
5. Individualized assessments
6. Individualized Education Plans (IEP's)
7. Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
✔✔Goss v. Lopez, 1975 - ✔✔This case ruled that the state could not deny a student
education without following due process. While this decision is not based on a special
education issue, the process of school suspension and expulsion is obviously critical in
assuring an appropriate public education to children with disabilities.
✔✔Public Law 95-56 (Gifted and Talented Children's Act), 1978 - ✔✔This case defined
the gifted and talented population, and focused upon this exceptionally category, which
was not included in Public Law 94-142
✔✔*Larry P. V. Riles, 1979 - ✔✔This case ordered the reevaluation of black students
enrolled in classes for educable mental retardation (EMR) and enjoined the California
State Department of Education from the use of intelligible tests in subsequent EMR
placement decisions.
✔✔Parents in Action on Special Education (PASE) v. Hannon, 1980 - ✔✔Ruled that IQ
tests are necessarily biased against ethnic and racial subcultures.
✔✔Board of Education v. Rowley, 1982 - ✔✔Amy Rowley was a deaf elementary
school student whose parents rejected their school district's proposal to provide a tutor
and speech therapist services to supplement their daughter's instruction in the regular
classroom. Her parents insisted on an interpreter even though Amy was making
satisfactory social, academic, and educational progress without one. In deciding in favor
of the school district, the Supreme Court ruled that school districts must provide those
services that permit a student with disabilities to benefit from instruction. Essentially, the
court ruled that the states are obligated to provide a "basic floor of opportunity" that is
reasonable to allow the child to benefit from social education.
✔✔Public Law 98-199 (Education of the Handicapped Act [EHA] Amendments), 1983 -
✔✔P.L. 94-142 was amended to provide added emphasis on parental education and
preschool, secondary, and post-secondary programs for children and youth with
disabilities.
,✔✔Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, 1984 - ✔✔EHA and IDEA list health
services as one of the "related services" that schools are mandated to provide to
exceptional students. Amber Tatro, who had Spina Bifida, required the insertion of a
catheter on a regular schedule in order to empty her bladder. The issue was specifically
over the classification of clean, intermittent catheterization (CIC) as a medical service
(not covered under IDEA) or a "related health service" which would be covered. In this
instance, the catheterization was not declared a medical service, but a "related service"
necessary for the student to have in order to benefit from special education. The school
district was obliged to provide the service. The Tatro case has implications for students
with other medical impairments who may need services to allow them to attend classes
at the school.
✔✔Smith v. Robinson, 1984 - ✔✔Concerned reimbursement of attorney's fees for
parents who win litigation under IDEA. At the time of this case, IDEA did not provide for
such reimbursement. Following this ruling, Congress passed a law awarding attorneys'
fees to parents who win their litigation.
✔✔Public Law 99-372 (Handicapped Children's Protection Act of 1985) - ✔✔This law
allowed parents who are unsuccessful in due process hearing or reviews to seek
recovery of attorneys' fees.
✔✔P.L. 99-457, 1986 (Revisions of EHA) - ✔✔Beginning with the 1991-1992 school
year, special education programs were required for children ages 3-5, with most states
offering outreach programs to identify children with special needs from birth to age 3. In
place of or in addition to an annual IEP, the entire family's needs are addressed by an
Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP), which is reviewed with the family every six
months.
✔✔Public Law 99-457 (Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986) - ✔✔It
reauthorized existing EHA, amended P.L. 94-142 to include financial incentives for
states to educate children 3 to 5 years old by the 1990-1991 school year, and
established incentive grants to promote programs serving infants with disabilities (birth
to 2 years of age)
✔✔Public Law 99-506 (Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1986) - ✔✔It authorized
formula grant funds for the development of supported employment demonstration
projects.
✔✔School Board of Nassau County v. Arline, 1987 - ✔✔This case established that
contagious diseases are a disability under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and that
people with them are protected from discrimination if otherwise qualified (actual risk to
health and safety to others made persons unqualified)
✔✔Honig v. Doe, 1988 - ✔✔Essentially, students may not be denied education from
school when their misbehavior is related to their handicap. The "stay put" provision of
, IDEA allows students to remain in their current educational setting pending the outcome
if administrative or judicial hearings. In the case of behavior that is a danger to the
student or to others, the court allows school districts to apply their normal procedures
for dealing with dangerous behavior, such as time-out, loss of privileges, detention, or
study carrels. Where the student has presented an immediate threat to others, that
student may be temporarily suspended for up to 10 school days to give the school and
the parents time to review the IEP and discuss possible alternatives to the current
placement.
✔✔Public Law 101-336 (Americans with Disabilities Act ADA), 1990 - ✔✔This law was
patterned after section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and gives civil rights
protection to individuals with disabilities in private sector employment, all public
services, public accommodations, and telecommunications. It bars discrimination in
employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications in all
aspects of life, not just those receiving federal funding. Title II and Title III are applicable
to special education because they cover the private sector, such as private schools, and
require access to public accommodations. New and remodeled public building,
transportation vehicles, and telephone systems now must be accessible to the
handicapped. ADA also protects individuals with contagious diseases, such as AIDS,
from discrimination.
*Opens the door for people with disabilities to be employed through community based
training and job coaches.
✔✔Public Law 101-476 (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act/IDEA), 1990 -
✔✔Reauthorized and renamed existing EHA. This amendment to EHA changed the
term "handicapped" to "disability," expanded related services, and required individual
education programs (IEPs) to contain transitional goals and objectives for adolescents
(ages 16 and above, special situations)
✔✔Florence County School District Four v, Shannon Carter, 1993 - ✔✔This case
established that when a school district does not provide FAPE for a student with a
disability, the parents may seek reimbursement for private schooling. This decision has
encouraged districts to be more inclusive of students with autism who receive
ABA/Lovaas therapy.
✔✔IDEA 97 reauthorization - ✔✔This amendment retains the major provisions of
previous federal laws and also includes modifications to the law. Some of the changes
include: participation of students with disabilities in statewide assessment programs with
accommodations when required; changes to IEP with emphasis on students with
disabilities participating in the general curriculum and regular education teachers taking
part in developing the IEP; lowering the age to begin focusing on transition service
needs from 16 to 14; the guarantee that no student with a disability is deprived of
continuing educational services because of behavior.
✔✔No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), 2002 - ✔✔Public Law 107-110. It addresses
accountability of school personnel for student achievement with the expectation that
