A&P 101 STUDY GUIDE EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is the cytoskeleton? - Answer- A network of protein filaments that provides
structure and movement to the cell.
What are organelles? - Answer- Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific
functions.
What are the functions of the cell membrane? - Answer- Protection, selective
permeability, cell communication, and maintaining homeostasis.
Describe the structure of the cell membrane. - Answer- A phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
What is meant by selectively permeable? - Answer- Allows some substances to pass
while restricting others.
Why is selective permeability important to the cell membrane? - Answer- It allows the
cell to maintain a stable internal environment.
What is passive transport? - Answer- Movement of substances across a membrane
without energy input.
What is diffusion? - Answer- Movement of substances from an area of high
concentration to low concentration.
What is facilitated diffusion? - Answer- Diffusion with the help of transport proteins.
What is osmosis? - Answer- Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane.
What is osmotic pressure? - Answer- The force exerted by water movement across a
membrane.
What is an isotonic solution? - Answer- A solution with the same solute concentration as
the cell.
What is a hypotonic solution? - Answer- A solution with lower solute concentration than
the cell.
, What is a hypertonic solution? - Answer- A solution with higher solute concentration
than the cell.
What is a concentration gradient? - Answer- The difference in concentration of a
substance across a space.
What is active transport? - Answer- Movement of substances across a membrane using
energy (ATP).
What is electrical potential? - Answer- A difference in electrical charge across a
membrane.
How do ion transport mechanisms contribute to electrical potential? - Answer- By
moving charged ions across the membrane.
What is endocytosis? - Answer- Active transport that brings substances into the cell via
vesicles.
What is exocytosis? - Answer- Active transport that moves substances out of the cell via
vesicles.
What is transcytosis? - Answer- Vesicular transport across a cell.
Describe the structure and function of mitochondria. - Answer- Double-membrane
organelles that produce ATP.
Describe the structure and function of ribosomes. - Answer- Sites of protein synthesis.
Describe the structure and function of rough endoplasmic reticulum. - Answer-
Membrane network with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
Describe the structure and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. - Answer-
Membrane network without ribosomes; lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. - Answer- Modifies,
packages, and ships proteins and lipids.
Describe the structure and function of lysosomes. - Answer- Vesicles containing
digestive enzymes.
Describe the structure and function of peroxisomes. - Answer- Break down fatty acids
and detoxify harmful substances.
What is the cytoskeleton composed of? - Answer- Microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules.
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is the cytoskeleton? - Answer- A network of protein filaments that provides
structure and movement to the cell.
What are organelles? - Answer- Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific
functions.
What are the functions of the cell membrane? - Answer- Protection, selective
permeability, cell communication, and maintaining homeostasis.
Describe the structure of the cell membrane. - Answer- A phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
What is meant by selectively permeable? - Answer- Allows some substances to pass
while restricting others.
Why is selective permeability important to the cell membrane? - Answer- It allows the
cell to maintain a stable internal environment.
What is passive transport? - Answer- Movement of substances across a membrane
without energy input.
What is diffusion? - Answer- Movement of substances from an area of high
concentration to low concentration.
What is facilitated diffusion? - Answer- Diffusion with the help of transport proteins.
What is osmosis? - Answer- Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane.
What is osmotic pressure? - Answer- The force exerted by water movement across a
membrane.
What is an isotonic solution? - Answer- A solution with the same solute concentration as
the cell.
What is a hypotonic solution? - Answer- A solution with lower solute concentration than
the cell.
, What is a hypertonic solution? - Answer- A solution with higher solute concentration
than the cell.
What is a concentration gradient? - Answer- The difference in concentration of a
substance across a space.
What is active transport? - Answer- Movement of substances across a membrane using
energy (ATP).
What is electrical potential? - Answer- A difference in electrical charge across a
membrane.
How do ion transport mechanisms contribute to electrical potential? - Answer- By
moving charged ions across the membrane.
What is endocytosis? - Answer- Active transport that brings substances into the cell via
vesicles.
What is exocytosis? - Answer- Active transport that moves substances out of the cell via
vesicles.
What is transcytosis? - Answer- Vesicular transport across a cell.
Describe the structure and function of mitochondria. - Answer- Double-membrane
organelles that produce ATP.
Describe the structure and function of ribosomes. - Answer- Sites of protein synthesis.
Describe the structure and function of rough endoplasmic reticulum. - Answer-
Membrane network with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
Describe the structure and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. - Answer-
Membrane network without ribosomes; lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. - Answer- Modifies,
packages, and ships proteins and lipids.
Describe the structure and function of lysosomes. - Answer- Vesicles containing
digestive enzymes.
Describe the structure and function of peroxisomes. - Answer- Break down fatty acids
and detoxify harmful substances.
What is the cytoskeleton composed of? - Answer- Microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules.
