BIOL 373 CH 2 Exam Questions with Correct Answers| Latest Update Guaranteed Success
Spinal Reflex Does not require integration in brain
Neural Plate In very early embryo, cells that will become NS lie in flattened region called
neural plate
*neural plate cells along edge migrate toward midline forming neural tube -lumen remains
hollow = central cavity of
CNS -CNS precursor
Neural Crest Cells -migrate through body & contribute to many structures, including PNS (was
neural plate border)
CNS Development 4 Weeks: anterior part of neural tube begins to specialize into regions of
brain (Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain + SC) *equal
6 Weeks: Cerebrum (part of F) gets larger than other regions. The 7 major regions at birth now
developed: (F = Cerebrum and Diencephalon), Midbrain, (H =Medulla, Cerebellum and Pons)
and SC
Central cavity of neural tube --> ventricles + central canal of SC
11 Weeks: Cerebrum noticeably large
Gray Matter Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites and axons
White Matter Myelinated axons and contains very few neuronal cell bodies
Nuceli Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
Tracts Bundles of axons that connect regions of CNS (equivalent to nerves in PNS)
, Meninges: Three thin layers of tissue/membrane that cover and protect brain and spinal cord -
lie between bones/tissues of CNS *Stabilize neural tissue against brushing against skeleton
bones
1. Dura Mater : thickest, associated with veins that drain blood from brain through sinuses
2. Arachnoid: middle, loosely tied to inner membrane - leaving subarachnoid space between
the two
3. Pia Mater: inner membrane, thin, adhere to brain and spinal cord, associated with arteries
that supply blood to brain. Interstital fluid within pia
ECF -formed from CSF and interstitial fluid Protective, cushions neural tissue
Interstitial Fluid: within pia, surround neurons and glial cells
CSF -within ventricles
CSF and Interstitial fluid communicate via leaky junctions in pia membrane and ependymal cell
layer lining ventricles
CSF Within ventricular system, central canal and between meninges, bathes external brain
surface
Secreted by choroid plexus within each ventricle (on walls)
Ventricle (4th) --> Subarachnoid space --> into blood via villi on arachnoid membrane --> dural
sinus (Superior sagittal sinus) (venous bv) --> toward heart *flush
Glial Cells of CNS Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths in CNS -white matter
Microglia: immune cell lineage -scavenger
Astrocyte: numerous in brain, regulate ECF by releasing chemicals
Ependymal Cells: create barriers between compartments -decide what gets into CSF (line
ventricles)
Aperture -opening between 4th ventricle and subarachnoid space One median aperture
(foramen of Magendie)
Two lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
Spinal Reflex Does not require integration in brain
Neural Plate In very early embryo, cells that will become NS lie in flattened region called
neural plate
*neural plate cells along edge migrate toward midline forming neural tube -lumen remains
hollow = central cavity of
CNS -CNS precursor
Neural Crest Cells -migrate through body & contribute to many structures, including PNS (was
neural plate border)
CNS Development 4 Weeks: anterior part of neural tube begins to specialize into regions of
brain (Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain + SC) *equal
6 Weeks: Cerebrum (part of F) gets larger than other regions. The 7 major regions at birth now
developed: (F = Cerebrum and Diencephalon), Midbrain, (H =Medulla, Cerebellum and Pons)
and SC
Central cavity of neural tube --> ventricles + central canal of SC
11 Weeks: Cerebrum noticeably large
Gray Matter Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites and axons
White Matter Myelinated axons and contains very few neuronal cell bodies
Nuceli Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
Tracts Bundles of axons that connect regions of CNS (equivalent to nerves in PNS)
, Meninges: Three thin layers of tissue/membrane that cover and protect brain and spinal cord -
lie between bones/tissues of CNS *Stabilize neural tissue against brushing against skeleton
bones
1. Dura Mater : thickest, associated with veins that drain blood from brain through sinuses
2. Arachnoid: middle, loosely tied to inner membrane - leaving subarachnoid space between
the two
3. Pia Mater: inner membrane, thin, adhere to brain and spinal cord, associated with arteries
that supply blood to brain. Interstital fluid within pia
ECF -formed from CSF and interstitial fluid Protective, cushions neural tissue
Interstitial Fluid: within pia, surround neurons and glial cells
CSF -within ventricles
CSF and Interstitial fluid communicate via leaky junctions in pia membrane and ependymal cell
layer lining ventricles
CSF Within ventricular system, central canal and between meninges, bathes external brain
surface
Secreted by choroid plexus within each ventricle (on walls)
Ventricle (4th) --> Subarachnoid space --> into blood via villi on arachnoid membrane --> dural
sinus (Superior sagittal sinus) (venous bv) --> toward heart *flush
Glial Cells of CNS Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths in CNS -white matter
Microglia: immune cell lineage -scavenger
Astrocyte: numerous in brain, regulate ECF by releasing chemicals
Ependymal Cells: create barriers between compartments -decide what gets into CSF (line
ventricles)
Aperture -opening between 4th ventricle and subarachnoid space One median aperture
(foramen of Magendie)
Two lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
