Bio 411: Exam 4 Questions with Correct Answers 100% Verified| Guaranteed Success
What does Cell signaling require? Signaling Cell, Signaling molecule, responding cell, and
receptor.
Four Steps of Cell Signaling receptor activation, signal transduction, cellular response,
and signal termination.
Endocrine Signaling long distance, uses the circulatory system
Paracrine Signaling close distance
Autocrine Signaling occurs when the same cell makes and responds to the signal
Contact-Dependent Signaling signaling between two touching cells
Signaling Molecule ligand; receptor binding site = ligand-binding site
Receptors Exist as either 'on' or 'off'
Intracellular Receptors reside inside the cell and bind ligands that can pass through the
plasma membrane. Some are in the nucleus and regulate transcription.
Cell Surface Receptors typically bind polar molecules since they can't pass through the
plasma membrane
An Indivdual Cell Can have thousands of different receptors
, Surface Receptor Categories G-protein coupled receptors, receptor kinases, and ligand-
gated ion channels.
G-Protein Coupled Receptors receptor that: interacts with g proteins on the membrane,
has three subunits (Alpha, Beta and Gamma), are active with GTP bound and inactive with GDP
bound, subunits join together when GDP is bound ect.
Receptor Kinases ligand binds to two receptors, which causes them to dimerize,
dimerization activates kinase domains inside the cell, kinase domains phosphorylate each other
ect.
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels a channel that allows ions through the plasma membrane
remain closed until a ligand binds and opens the channel. Some are activated by voltage
changes across membranes
Ras Mutations account for ~30% of all human cancers
G Protein Bind the guanine nucleotides GDP and GTP.
Adrenaline hormone secreted by adrenal glands, increases blood circulation, breathing
and metabolism.
Protein Kinase A (PKA) dependent on cAMP to phosphorylate proteins. Such as enzymes
that convert glycogen into glucose, enzymes that promote muscle contraction,
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Adenylyl Cyclase enzyme that regulates roles in essentially all cells
What does Cell signaling require? Signaling Cell, Signaling molecule, responding cell, and
receptor.
Four Steps of Cell Signaling receptor activation, signal transduction, cellular response,
and signal termination.
Endocrine Signaling long distance, uses the circulatory system
Paracrine Signaling close distance
Autocrine Signaling occurs when the same cell makes and responds to the signal
Contact-Dependent Signaling signaling between two touching cells
Signaling Molecule ligand; receptor binding site = ligand-binding site
Receptors Exist as either 'on' or 'off'
Intracellular Receptors reside inside the cell and bind ligands that can pass through the
plasma membrane. Some are in the nucleus and regulate transcription.
Cell Surface Receptors typically bind polar molecules since they can't pass through the
plasma membrane
An Indivdual Cell Can have thousands of different receptors
, Surface Receptor Categories G-protein coupled receptors, receptor kinases, and ligand-
gated ion channels.
G-Protein Coupled Receptors receptor that: interacts with g proteins on the membrane,
has three subunits (Alpha, Beta and Gamma), are active with GTP bound and inactive with GDP
bound, subunits join together when GDP is bound ect.
Receptor Kinases ligand binds to two receptors, which causes them to dimerize,
dimerization activates kinase domains inside the cell, kinase domains phosphorylate each other
ect.
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels a channel that allows ions through the plasma membrane
remain closed until a ligand binds and opens the channel. Some are activated by voltage
changes across membranes
Ras Mutations account for ~30% of all human cancers
G Protein Bind the guanine nucleotides GDP and GTP.
Adrenaline hormone secreted by adrenal glands, increases blood circulation, breathing
and metabolism.
Protein Kinase A (PKA) dependent on cAMP to phosphorylate proteins. Such as enzymes
that convert glycogen into glucose, enzymes that promote muscle contraction,
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Adenylyl Cyclase enzyme that regulates roles in essentially all cells
