MSN 610 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔TBI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - ✔✔Concussion
A direct blow to the head or face that bruises the brain as it moves within and against
the skull and causes inflammation; often caused by a sports injury.
✔✔TBI Subjective data - ✔✔•Headache •Dazed or dizzy, may have brief loss of
consciousness •Nausea and vomiting • Blurred vision •Ringing in ears •Restless or
irritable
✔✔TBI Objective data - ✔✔•Dazed expression •Slow motor and verbal responses,
slurred speech •Emotional lability •Hypersensitivity to stimuli •Deficits in coordination,
cognition, memory, and attention • Symptoms may disappear within 15 minutes or
persist for several
weeks
✔✔PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Moderate to Severe Brain Injury - ✔✔Higher forces cause acceleration-deceleration and
rotational movement of the brain in the skull. Nerve fibers are stretched, compressed, or
torn. Brain chemicals responsible for brain functioning are disrupted and inflammation
leads to brain swelling
✔✔Subjective data: Moderate to Severe Brain Injury - ✔✔May or may not have loss of
consciousness for 5-10 minutes •Amnesia up to 24 hours after moderate injury; longer
than 24 hours
for severe injury
✔✔Objective data: - ✔✔• Coma • Glasgow Coma Score <13. • Increased intracranial
pressure • Seizures
✔✔Depression. - ✔✔A mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or
frustration interfere with everyday life for an extended period (weeks or longer)
✔✔Depression Pathophysiology - ✔✔Associated with a neurochemical imbalance, a
decreased level of mono- amines, or increased plasma cortisol
Genetic predisposition and family environmental influences Associated with stressful life
event, grief, or change in lifestyle
✔✔Depression - Subjective Data - ✔✔•Feels sad, hopeless, worthless; guilt • No
interest or pleasure in what was previously of interest or
pleasurable •Fatigue or loss of energy • Insomnia or excessive sleeping •Increased or
decreased appetite; weight gain or loss (>5%) in a month
, ✔✔Depression - Objective Data - ✔✔•Poor concentration •Slowed thought processes
and speech •Agitation, irritability, or restlessness
✔✔Mania - ✔✔A persistently elevated, expansive, euphoric, or irritable and agitated
mood lasting longer than a week; one phase of the bipolar psychiatric disorder
✔✔Mania pathophysiology - ✔✔Associated with abnormally elevated levels of
neurotransmitters, norepi- nephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, along with
lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); may also be associated with
dysregulation of cellular mechanisms that mediate neurotransmission
✔✔Mania Subjective Data - ✔✔•Hyperactivity •Overconfidence, exaggerated view of
own abilities •Impaired occupational, social, and interpersonal functioning • Excessive
involvement in pleasurable activities with high potential for
serious or painful consequences. Decreased need for sleep •Racing thoughts •Lack of
impulse control
✔✔Mania Objective Data - ✔✔Grandiose or persecutory delusions, euphoria •
Increased talkativeness or pressure to keep talking, may involve
excessive rhyming or puns; flight of ideas • Impaired attention, easily distracted •
Impaired judgment •Hypersexual behavior
✔✔Anxiety Disorder. - ✔✔A group of disorders with such marked anxiety or fear that it
causes significant interference with personal, social, and occupational functioning.
Specific disorders include the following: •Panic attacks • Generalized anxiety disorder
•Specific phobias
•Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
✔✔Anxiety Pathophysiology - ✔✔Abnormalities in the norepinephrine and serotonin
systems; may have genetic predisposition; increased sensitivity of brain pH
chemosensors in sites that modulate fear and arousal, such as the prefrontal cortex and
amygdala
✔✔Panic attacks: subjective data - ✔✔palpitations, sweating, shaking, dizziness,
faintness, chest pain, nausea, abdominal distress, chills or hot flashes, chronic social
avoidance fear of losing control and dying.
✔✔Panic attacks Objective Data - ✔✔tachycardia, diaphoresis, tremors
✔✔Generalized anxiety disorder: Subjective data - ✔✔chronic worry, restless, irritable,
tense, fatigue, poor concentration, sleep disturbance
✔✔Generalized anxiety disorder: Objective data - ✔✔impaired attention, motor tension,
tremors, restlessness
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔TBI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - ✔✔Concussion
A direct blow to the head or face that bruises the brain as it moves within and against
the skull and causes inflammation; often caused by a sports injury.
✔✔TBI Subjective data - ✔✔•Headache •Dazed or dizzy, may have brief loss of
consciousness •Nausea and vomiting • Blurred vision •Ringing in ears •Restless or
irritable
✔✔TBI Objective data - ✔✔•Dazed expression •Slow motor and verbal responses,
slurred speech •Emotional lability •Hypersensitivity to stimuli •Deficits in coordination,
cognition, memory, and attention • Symptoms may disappear within 15 minutes or
persist for several
weeks
✔✔PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Moderate to Severe Brain Injury - ✔✔Higher forces cause acceleration-deceleration and
rotational movement of the brain in the skull. Nerve fibers are stretched, compressed, or
torn. Brain chemicals responsible for brain functioning are disrupted and inflammation
leads to brain swelling
✔✔Subjective data: Moderate to Severe Brain Injury - ✔✔May or may not have loss of
consciousness for 5-10 minutes •Amnesia up to 24 hours after moderate injury; longer
than 24 hours
for severe injury
✔✔Objective data: - ✔✔• Coma • Glasgow Coma Score <13. • Increased intracranial
pressure • Seizures
✔✔Depression. - ✔✔A mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or
frustration interfere with everyday life for an extended period (weeks or longer)
✔✔Depression Pathophysiology - ✔✔Associated with a neurochemical imbalance, a
decreased level of mono- amines, or increased plasma cortisol
Genetic predisposition and family environmental influences Associated with stressful life
event, grief, or change in lifestyle
✔✔Depression - Subjective Data - ✔✔•Feels sad, hopeless, worthless; guilt • No
interest or pleasure in what was previously of interest or
pleasurable •Fatigue or loss of energy • Insomnia or excessive sleeping •Increased or
decreased appetite; weight gain or loss (>5%) in a month
, ✔✔Depression - Objective Data - ✔✔•Poor concentration •Slowed thought processes
and speech •Agitation, irritability, or restlessness
✔✔Mania - ✔✔A persistently elevated, expansive, euphoric, or irritable and agitated
mood lasting longer than a week; one phase of the bipolar psychiatric disorder
✔✔Mania pathophysiology - ✔✔Associated with abnormally elevated levels of
neurotransmitters, norepi- nephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, along with
lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); may also be associated with
dysregulation of cellular mechanisms that mediate neurotransmission
✔✔Mania Subjective Data - ✔✔•Hyperactivity •Overconfidence, exaggerated view of
own abilities •Impaired occupational, social, and interpersonal functioning • Excessive
involvement in pleasurable activities with high potential for
serious or painful consequences. Decreased need for sleep •Racing thoughts •Lack of
impulse control
✔✔Mania Objective Data - ✔✔Grandiose or persecutory delusions, euphoria •
Increased talkativeness or pressure to keep talking, may involve
excessive rhyming or puns; flight of ideas • Impaired attention, easily distracted •
Impaired judgment •Hypersexual behavior
✔✔Anxiety Disorder. - ✔✔A group of disorders with such marked anxiety or fear that it
causes significant interference with personal, social, and occupational functioning.
Specific disorders include the following: •Panic attacks • Generalized anxiety disorder
•Specific phobias
•Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
✔✔Anxiety Pathophysiology - ✔✔Abnormalities in the norepinephrine and serotonin
systems; may have genetic predisposition; increased sensitivity of brain pH
chemosensors in sites that modulate fear and arousal, such as the prefrontal cortex and
amygdala
✔✔Panic attacks: subjective data - ✔✔palpitations, sweating, shaking, dizziness,
faintness, chest pain, nausea, abdominal distress, chills or hot flashes, chronic social
avoidance fear of losing control and dying.
✔✔Panic attacks Objective Data - ✔✔tachycardia, diaphoresis, tremors
✔✔Generalized anxiety disorder: Subjective data - ✔✔chronic worry, restless, irritable,
tense, fatigue, poor concentration, sleep disturbance
✔✔Generalized anxiety disorder: Objective data - ✔✔impaired attention, motor tension,
tremors, restlessness
