NDHCE Pharmacology Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Drug
Chemicals |that |act |on |living |systems |at |the |molecular |level.
Pharmacology
The |study |of |drugs |and |their |effects |on |living |organisms.
Toxicology
Toxicology
The |study |of |harmful |or |toxic |effects |of |drugs.
Brand |(Trade) |Name
The |manufacturer's |name, |written |with |the |first |letter |capitalized |(eg. |Valium, |Tylenol).
Generic |Name
Generic |Name
Name |for |the |chemical |makeup |of |a |drug, |written |in |lowercase |letters, |first |letter |is |NOT |
capitalized |(eg. |acetaminophen |for |Tylenol). |Generic |drugs |marketed |without |brand |names |are
|less |expensive |than |brand |name |drugs.
Contraindications
Medical |or |physical |conditions |that |make |the |drug |inadvisable.
Synergism
Getting |more |than |the |desired |effects |when |taking |two |drugs |(1+1>2) |(eg., |oxycodone |+ |
acetaminophen |= |Percocet).
Tolerance
Decreased |effect |of |a |drug |over |time |with |the |patient |needing |larger |doses |to |achieve |the |
same |effect.
,Pharmacological |Abbreviations:
- |qd
- |bid
- |tid
- |qid
- |pc
- |ac
- |po
- |prn
- |hs
qd: |Once |a |day |(quaque |die)
bid: |Twice |a |day |(bis |in |die)
tid: |3 |times |a |day |(ter |in |die)
qid: |4 |times |a |day |(quarter |in |die)
pc: |After |meals |(post |cebum)
ac: |Before |meals |(ante |cebum)
po: |By |mouth |(per |os)
prn: |As |needed |(pro |re |nata)
hs: |At |bedtime |(hora |somni)
Enteral |Administration
Uses |the |GI |tract, |and |is |the |safest, |slowest, |and |most |variable |route.This |include:- |Oral |routes-
|Sublingual |routes- |Rectal |routes
Enteral |Administration: |Oral
Drug |is |swallowed |(eg. |ibuprofen).- |May |cause |GI |upset |as |the |drug |is |largely |absorbed |in |the |
small |intestines- |First-pass |effect |(drug |metabolizes |in |the |GI |and |liver |before |it |reaches |the |
systemic |circulation) |- |significantly |reduces |the |amount |of |drug |available
Enteral |Administration: |Sublingual
Enteral |Administration: |Sublingual
Drug |is |place |under |the |tongue |(eg., |nitroglycerine).
- |Capillaries |under |the |tongue |speed |up |the |absorption
- |Commonly |used |for |nitrates |(relieve |cardiac |conditions)
- |Avoids |first-pass |effect
Enteral |Administration: |Rectal
, Drug |is |placed |in |the |rectum.
- |Also |avoids |first-pass |effect
Parenteral |Administration
Administered |or |occurring |elsewhere |in |the |body |other |than |the |mouth |and |alimentary |canal.
- |Drugs |by-pass |the |GI |tract
This |includes:
- |Intravenous |routes
- |Intramuscular |routes
- |Subcutaneous |routes
- |Intradermal |routes
- |Topical/transdermal |routes
- |Inhalation |routes
Parenteral |Administration: |Intravenous |Route
Drug |directly |enters |the |systemic |circulation |through |the |veins.- |100% |instant |and |complete |
availability |of |the |drug |in |the |blood |stream- |Best |option |to |control |the |level |of |drugs- |Used |in |
emergency |situations |and |chemotherapy
Parenteral |Administration: |Intramuscular |Route
Drugs |injected |into |muscles |because |of |the |high |volume |of |blood |flow |in |those |areas |(eg., |Epi |
pen).
- |Absorption |of |the |drug |is |rapid |and |is |increased |when |massaging |the |area
Parenteral |Administration: |Subcutaneous |Route
Drug |is |injected |under |the |skin |into |the |adipose |tissue |under |the |dermis, |but |not |into |the |
muscles.- |Useful |for |protein |products |such |as |insulin |that |would |otherwise |be |digested |in |the |
intestines
Parenteral |Administration: |Intradermal |Route
Drug |is |injected |into |the |dermal |layer |(eg., |allergy |testing, |TB |skin |test).
Parenteral |Administration: |Topical/Transdermal
Drug |is |applied |to |the |body |surface |and |absorbed |slowly |by |capillaries |under |the |skin |(eg., |
nicotine |patches).
- |Effects |last |a |long |time |through |slow |absorption, |but |are |less |effective |on |keratinized |tissue
- |Topical |drugs |are |more |concentrated, |and |therefore, |toxicity |should |be |carefully |monitored
Parenteral |Administration: |Inhalation
Correct Answers
Drug
Chemicals |that |act |on |living |systems |at |the |molecular |level.
Pharmacology
The |study |of |drugs |and |their |effects |on |living |organisms.
Toxicology
Toxicology
The |study |of |harmful |or |toxic |effects |of |drugs.
Brand |(Trade) |Name
The |manufacturer's |name, |written |with |the |first |letter |capitalized |(eg. |Valium, |Tylenol).
Generic |Name
Generic |Name
Name |for |the |chemical |makeup |of |a |drug, |written |in |lowercase |letters, |first |letter |is |NOT |
capitalized |(eg. |acetaminophen |for |Tylenol). |Generic |drugs |marketed |without |brand |names |are
|less |expensive |than |brand |name |drugs.
Contraindications
Medical |or |physical |conditions |that |make |the |drug |inadvisable.
Synergism
Getting |more |than |the |desired |effects |when |taking |two |drugs |(1+1>2) |(eg., |oxycodone |+ |
acetaminophen |= |Percocet).
Tolerance
Decreased |effect |of |a |drug |over |time |with |the |patient |needing |larger |doses |to |achieve |the |
same |effect.
,Pharmacological |Abbreviations:
- |qd
- |bid
- |tid
- |qid
- |pc
- |ac
- |po
- |prn
- |hs
qd: |Once |a |day |(quaque |die)
bid: |Twice |a |day |(bis |in |die)
tid: |3 |times |a |day |(ter |in |die)
qid: |4 |times |a |day |(quarter |in |die)
pc: |After |meals |(post |cebum)
ac: |Before |meals |(ante |cebum)
po: |By |mouth |(per |os)
prn: |As |needed |(pro |re |nata)
hs: |At |bedtime |(hora |somni)
Enteral |Administration
Uses |the |GI |tract, |and |is |the |safest, |slowest, |and |most |variable |route.This |include:- |Oral |routes-
|Sublingual |routes- |Rectal |routes
Enteral |Administration: |Oral
Drug |is |swallowed |(eg. |ibuprofen).- |May |cause |GI |upset |as |the |drug |is |largely |absorbed |in |the |
small |intestines- |First-pass |effect |(drug |metabolizes |in |the |GI |and |liver |before |it |reaches |the |
systemic |circulation) |- |significantly |reduces |the |amount |of |drug |available
Enteral |Administration: |Sublingual
Enteral |Administration: |Sublingual
Drug |is |place |under |the |tongue |(eg., |nitroglycerine).
- |Capillaries |under |the |tongue |speed |up |the |absorption
- |Commonly |used |for |nitrates |(relieve |cardiac |conditions)
- |Avoids |first-pass |effect
Enteral |Administration: |Rectal
, Drug |is |placed |in |the |rectum.
- |Also |avoids |first-pass |effect
Parenteral |Administration
Administered |or |occurring |elsewhere |in |the |body |other |than |the |mouth |and |alimentary |canal.
- |Drugs |by-pass |the |GI |tract
This |includes:
- |Intravenous |routes
- |Intramuscular |routes
- |Subcutaneous |routes
- |Intradermal |routes
- |Topical/transdermal |routes
- |Inhalation |routes
Parenteral |Administration: |Intravenous |Route
Drug |directly |enters |the |systemic |circulation |through |the |veins.- |100% |instant |and |complete |
availability |of |the |drug |in |the |blood |stream- |Best |option |to |control |the |level |of |drugs- |Used |in |
emergency |situations |and |chemotherapy
Parenteral |Administration: |Intramuscular |Route
Drugs |injected |into |muscles |because |of |the |high |volume |of |blood |flow |in |those |areas |(eg., |Epi |
pen).
- |Absorption |of |the |drug |is |rapid |and |is |increased |when |massaging |the |area
Parenteral |Administration: |Subcutaneous |Route
Drug |is |injected |under |the |skin |into |the |adipose |tissue |under |the |dermis, |but |not |into |the |
muscles.- |Useful |for |protein |products |such |as |insulin |that |would |otherwise |be |digested |in |the |
intestines
Parenteral |Administration: |Intradermal |Route
Drug |is |injected |into |the |dermal |layer |(eg., |allergy |testing, |TB |skin |test).
Parenteral |Administration: |Topical/Transdermal
Drug |is |applied |to |the |body |surface |and |absorbed |slowly |by |capillaries |under |the |skin |(eg., |
nicotine |patches).
- |Effects |last |a |long |time |through |slow |absorption, |but |are |less |effective |on |keratinized |tissue
- |Topical |drugs |are |more |concentrated, |and |therefore, |toxicity |should |be |carefully |monitored
Parenteral |Administration: |Inhalation
