NUTR 400 UNH Module 2 Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2026/2027
What are the levels of organization of the human body? - Answers Chemical, cellular, tissue,
organ, organ system, organism
Chemical Level (of the human body) - Answers the atom is the smallest portion of which an
element can be divided into and still retain the properties of that element. Teo or more atoms
together forma. molecule. Many molecules come together to form complex structures like
glycogen and proteins
Atoms are the most stable when the valence shell (outermost shell) contains how many
electrons? - Answers 8 electrons
An element is - Answers a pure substance made up of only one type of atom
Ions are... - Answers atoms that have lost or gained an electron and thus have a net positive or
negative charge (cations and anions)
Redox Reactions (reduction oxidation) - Answers oxidation is when molecule A transfers its
electrons to molecule B. We then say that molecule A is oxidized. When molecule B receives
those electrons we call it a reduction.
Free radicals - Answers molecules with unpaired electrons. This makes them more susceptible
to bonding and reactions with other atoms.
Antioxidants - Answers their main effect is protecting the body against free radicals. They do
this by donating an electron because they will not become unstable when transferring electrons
What damage do free radicals cause? - Answers Free radicals cause damage to proteins, DNA,
lipids, etc. They bring on oxidative stress which can cause in rapid aging, heart disease, cancer,
arthitis, and neurodegenerative disease.
Chemical bonds are formed by...? - Answers the transfer or sharing of electrons
An ionic bond is a bond in which the electrons are...? - Answers transfered
A covalent bond is a bind in which the electrons are...? - Answers shared between atoms
nonpolar covalent bond - Answers a covalent bond in which the electrons are SHARED EQUALLY
by the two atoms
polar covalent bonds - Answers a covalent bond in which the electrons are SHARED
UNEQUALLY by the two atoms
Hydrophilic molecules - Answers polar molecules; love water! they will dissolve in water ex:
water soluble vitamins (vitamin B and vitamin C)
, Hydrophobic molecules - Answers non-polar molecules; they do not like water! they will not
readily dissolve in water ex: fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
Acid - Answers higher concentration of hydrogen ions
Base - Answers lower concentration of hydrogen ions
pH scale - Answers a scale from 0-14 with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic
Buffering Systems
Their function?
Found where?
Prevents ? - Answers buffers resist changes in pH within the blood. They are found in the blood,
the kidneys, and the lungs. Buffers resist acidosis and or alkalosis.
Acidosis increases... - Answers the concentration of hydrogen ions, causing headache, loss of
appetite, starvation, and diabetes
Alkalosis increases - Answers basic concentration, brought on by excessive vomiting, the
overuse of laxatives/diuretics, and hyperventilating
Homeostasis refers to - Answers a state of equilibrium or balance
Cell Membrane - Answers provides protection to the cell
The Smooth ER does what - Answers synthesizes lipids
The Rough ER does what - Answers Makes proteins
What do Lysosomes do - Answers they clear toxins from the cell
What is the function of the cytoplasm - Answers it is a jelly like substance where chemical
reactions occur int he cell and also has some protection properties
What does the nucleus of the cell do? - Answers the nucleus of the cell controls the rest of the
cell. It also stores the DNA
What is the function of the mitochondria - Answers energy production in the cell
Passive Transport Mechanisms - Answers NO ATP; simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and
osmosis
Active Transport Mechanisms - Answers REQUIRES ATP; carrier mediated active transport,
exocytosis, endocytosis
Epithelial Tissue - Answers covers and lines body surfaces, organs and cavities
What are the levels of organization of the human body? - Answers Chemical, cellular, tissue,
organ, organ system, organism
Chemical Level (of the human body) - Answers the atom is the smallest portion of which an
element can be divided into and still retain the properties of that element. Teo or more atoms
together forma. molecule. Many molecules come together to form complex structures like
glycogen and proteins
Atoms are the most stable when the valence shell (outermost shell) contains how many
electrons? - Answers 8 electrons
An element is - Answers a pure substance made up of only one type of atom
Ions are... - Answers atoms that have lost or gained an electron and thus have a net positive or
negative charge (cations and anions)
Redox Reactions (reduction oxidation) - Answers oxidation is when molecule A transfers its
electrons to molecule B. We then say that molecule A is oxidized. When molecule B receives
those electrons we call it a reduction.
Free radicals - Answers molecules with unpaired electrons. This makes them more susceptible
to bonding and reactions with other atoms.
Antioxidants - Answers their main effect is protecting the body against free radicals. They do
this by donating an electron because they will not become unstable when transferring electrons
What damage do free radicals cause? - Answers Free radicals cause damage to proteins, DNA,
lipids, etc. They bring on oxidative stress which can cause in rapid aging, heart disease, cancer,
arthitis, and neurodegenerative disease.
Chemical bonds are formed by...? - Answers the transfer or sharing of electrons
An ionic bond is a bond in which the electrons are...? - Answers transfered
A covalent bond is a bind in which the electrons are...? - Answers shared between atoms
nonpolar covalent bond - Answers a covalent bond in which the electrons are SHARED EQUALLY
by the two atoms
polar covalent bonds - Answers a covalent bond in which the electrons are SHARED
UNEQUALLY by the two atoms
Hydrophilic molecules - Answers polar molecules; love water! they will dissolve in water ex:
water soluble vitamins (vitamin B and vitamin C)
, Hydrophobic molecules - Answers non-polar molecules; they do not like water! they will not
readily dissolve in water ex: fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
Acid - Answers higher concentration of hydrogen ions
Base - Answers lower concentration of hydrogen ions
pH scale - Answers a scale from 0-14 with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic
Buffering Systems
Their function?
Found where?
Prevents ? - Answers buffers resist changes in pH within the blood. They are found in the blood,
the kidneys, and the lungs. Buffers resist acidosis and or alkalosis.
Acidosis increases... - Answers the concentration of hydrogen ions, causing headache, loss of
appetite, starvation, and diabetes
Alkalosis increases - Answers basic concentration, brought on by excessive vomiting, the
overuse of laxatives/diuretics, and hyperventilating
Homeostasis refers to - Answers a state of equilibrium or balance
Cell Membrane - Answers provides protection to the cell
The Smooth ER does what - Answers synthesizes lipids
The Rough ER does what - Answers Makes proteins
What do Lysosomes do - Answers they clear toxins from the cell
What is the function of the cytoplasm - Answers it is a jelly like substance where chemical
reactions occur int he cell and also has some protection properties
What does the nucleus of the cell do? - Answers the nucleus of the cell controls the rest of the
cell. It also stores the DNA
What is the function of the mitochondria - Answers energy production in the cell
Passive Transport Mechanisms - Answers NO ATP; simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and
osmosis
Active Transport Mechanisms - Answers REQUIRES ATP; carrier mediated active transport,
exocytosis, endocytosis
Epithelial Tissue - Answers covers and lines body surfaces, organs and cavities
