1 | Page
N138 Midterm 1 Questions and
Answers Latest 2026
Clinical Judgement: 9 Key Questions Ans: *1. What major
outcomes (observable beneficial results) do we expect to
see in this
particular patient, family, or group when the plan of care
is terminated?* If using standardized/pre-determined
plan, that it is appropriate for the client; or else have to
create a personalized one for them that is realistic.
2. What problems or issues must be addressed to achieve
the major outcomes? Answering this question helps you
prioritize
3. What are the circumstances? Who is involved? Child,
parent, group? How urgent are the problems? Client's
beliefs, values, cultural influences?
4. What knowledge is required? Regarding diagnoses,
disease physiology, symptoms, complications that may
occur, etc.
5. How much room is there for error? Depends on the
condition of the overall health of the client; this is where
clinical judgement comes in bc the orders for postop
ambulation may be the same for two clients who have
different comorbidities and overall health
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
6. How much time do I have? Time frame depends on
urgency of the problem, planned length of contact, etc.
7. What resources can help me? Human resources like
CNS
8. Whose perspectives must be considered? Important to
consider client's perspective; also family members, SOs,
caregivers, relevant third parties (insurers)
9. What is influencing my thinking? Identifying personal
biases and other factors influencing your critical
thinking, and ergo, your clinical judgement
Flexner (Sociologist, 1910) Ans: Flexner's Report
inspected and critiqued medical schools around the
country and found that they are unequal; called on
medical schools to implement high standards for
admission and graduation
Flexner Report (1915) published a list of criteria that he
believed were characteristic of all true professions:
1. Is basically intellectual (as opposed to physical) and is
accompanied by a high
degree of individual responsibility
2. Is based on a body of knowledge that can be learned
and is developed and
refined through research
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
3. Is practical, in addition to being theoretical
4. Can be taught through a process of highly specialized
professional education
5. Has a strong internal organization of members and a
well-developed group
consciousness
6. Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism (the
desire to help others)
and who are responsive to public interests
Hall (Sociologist, 1968) Ans: Published his work on
professionalism; similar to Flexner's criteria, described a
professional model with 5 attributes of professions:
1. Use of a professional organization as a primary point
of reference
2. Belief in the value of public service
3. Belief in self-regulation
4. Commitment to a profession that goes beyond
economic incentives
5. A sense of autonomy in practice
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 4 | Page
Hall recommended that each profession needed to
develop its own methods of measuring professionalism
that recognize the uniqueness of the discipline
Task Force on Professionalism (2000) Ans: Identified 10
common characteristics of the members of a profession
(pharmacy task force that studied to encourage pharmacy
student professionalism):
1. Prolonged specialized training in a body of abstract
knowledge
2. A service orientation
3. An ideology based on the original faith professed by
members
4. An ethic that is binding on the practitioners
5. A body of knowledge unique to the members
6. A set of skills that forms the technique of the
profession
7. A guild of those entitled to practice the profession
8. Authority granted by society in the form of licensure
or certification
9. A recognized setting in which the profession is
practiced
© 2025 All rights reserved
N138 Midterm 1 Questions and
Answers Latest 2026
Clinical Judgement: 9 Key Questions Ans: *1. What major
outcomes (observable beneficial results) do we expect to
see in this
particular patient, family, or group when the plan of care
is terminated?* If using standardized/pre-determined
plan, that it is appropriate for the client; or else have to
create a personalized one for them that is realistic.
2. What problems or issues must be addressed to achieve
the major outcomes? Answering this question helps you
prioritize
3. What are the circumstances? Who is involved? Child,
parent, group? How urgent are the problems? Client's
beliefs, values, cultural influences?
4. What knowledge is required? Regarding diagnoses,
disease physiology, symptoms, complications that may
occur, etc.
5. How much room is there for error? Depends on the
condition of the overall health of the client; this is where
clinical judgement comes in bc the orders for postop
ambulation may be the same for two clients who have
different comorbidities and overall health
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
6. How much time do I have? Time frame depends on
urgency of the problem, planned length of contact, etc.
7. What resources can help me? Human resources like
CNS
8. Whose perspectives must be considered? Important to
consider client's perspective; also family members, SOs,
caregivers, relevant third parties (insurers)
9. What is influencing my thinking? Identifying personal
biases and other factors influencing your critical
thinking, and ergo, your clinical judgement
Flexner (Sociologist, 1910) Ans: Flexner's Report
inspected and critiqued medical schools around the
country and found that they are unequal; called on
medical schools to implement high standards for
admission and graduation
Flexner Report (1915) published a list of criteria that he
believed were characteristic of all true professions:
1. Is basically intellectual (as opposed to physical) and is
accompanied by a high
degree of individual responsibility
2. Is based on a body of knowledge that can be learned
and is developed and
refined through research
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
3. Is practical, in addition to being theoretical
4. Can be taught through a process of highly specialized
professional education
5. Has a strong internal organization of members and a
well-developed group
consciousness
6. Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism (the
desire to help others)
and who are responsive to public interests
Hall (Sociologist, 1968) Ans: Published his work on
professionalism; similar to Flexner's criteria, described a
professional model with 5 attributes of professions:
1. Use of a professional organization as a primary point
of reference
2. Belief in the value of public service
3. Belief in self-regulation
4. Commitment to a profession that goes beyond
economic incentives
5. A sense of autonomy in practice
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 4 | Page
Hall recommended that each profession needed to
develop its own methods of measuring professionalism
that recognize the uniqueness of the discipline
Task Force on Professionalism (2000) Ans: Identified 10
common characteristics of the members of a profession
(pharmacy task force that studied to encourage pharmacy
student professionalism):
1. Prolonged specialized training in a body of abstract
knowledge
2. A service orientation
3. An ideology based on the original faith professed by
members
4. An ethic that is binding on the practitioners
5. A body of knowledge unique to the members
6. A set of skills that forms the technique of the
profession
7. A guild of those entitled to practice the profession
8. Authority granted by society in the form of licensure
or certification
9. A recognized setting in which the profession is
practiced
© 2025 All rights reserved
