BA 350 ACTUAL 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Individual Resistance Types: - ✔✔habit, security, economic factors, fear of the
unknown, selective information processing
✔✔Organizational Resistance Types: - ✔✔structural inertia, limited focus of change,
threat to expertise, threat to power relationships, threat to resource allocations
✔✔Job satisfaction: - ✔✔A positive feeling about one's job resulting from an evaluation
of its characteristics. It depends in part on perceived fairness.
✔✔Organizational commitment: - ✔✔The degree to which an employee identifies with a
particular organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain membership in the
organization.
✔✔Job involvement: - ✔✔The degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively
participates in it, and considers performance important to self-worth.
✔✔Perception: - ✔✔- Perception: A process by which individuals organize and interpret
their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
• Behaviors are based on perceptions of reality, not reality itself!
• The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important
✔✔Attribution theory: - ✔✔An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is
internally (individual's fault) or externally (due to situation) caused. Determination
depends on 3 factors:
• Distinctiveness: does the person show different behaviors in different situations.
• Consensus: Is the person's response the same as others to the same situation.
• Consistency: Is the person likely to respond in the same way over time.
✔✔Fundamental attribution error: - ✔✔The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making
judgments about the behaviors of others.
✔✔Self-serving bias: - ✔✔The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes
to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
✔✔personality attributes influencing organizational behavior: - ✔✔• Personality
Determinants: Heredity, Environment, Situation
o Personality Traits: Enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior.
• Extraversion: A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable,
gregarious, and assertive.
• Agreeableness: A personality dimension that describes some one who is good-
natured, cooperative, and trusting.
, • Conscientiousness: A personality dimension that describes someone who is
responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.(***best predictor of job
performance)
• Emotional Stability: A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-
confident, secure vs. nervous, depressed, and insecure.
• Openness to Experience: A personality dimension that characterizes someone in
terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.
- How does personality relate to being an effective worker?
o Conscientiousness → Performance/Org. Citizenship
o Extraversion → Performance for Managers and Sales
o Openness to Experience → Training Proficiency
o Extraverted (E) Vs. Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, and
assertive while introverts are quiet and shy.
o Sensing (S) Vs.: Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order, focusing on
details. Intuitive (N): Intuitive types rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big
picture".
o Thinking (T) Vs.: Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling (F):
Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions.
o Judging (J) Vs.: Judging types want control and prefer order and structure. Perceiving
(P): Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.
o Machiavellianism (Mach): The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains
emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
o Narcissism: The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-
✔✔Hofstede's Five value Dimensions framework of National Culture: - ✔✔o In late
1970s Geert Hofstede analyzed variations in cultures and found that managers and
employees vary on 5 value dimensions of national culture:
o Power Distance: A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a
society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
o Individualism vs Collectivism
• Individualism: A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people
prefer to act as individuals rather than members of groups.
• Collectivism: A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in
which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and
protect them.
o Masculinity vs Femininity
• Masculinity: A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture
favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal
views are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.
• Femininity: A national culture attribute that indicates little difference between male and
female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all
aspects of the society
✔✔Motivational theories - ✔✔Hierarchy of Needs, two-factor theory, equity theory, and
expectancy theory
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Individual Resistance Types: - ✔✔habit, security, economic factors, fear of the
unknown, selective information processing
✔✔Organizational Resistance Types: - ✔✔structural inertia, limited focus of change,
threat to expertise, threat to power relationships, threat to resource allocations
✔✔Job satisfaction: - ✔✔A positive feeling about one's job resulting from an evaluation
of its characteristics. It depends in part on perceived fairness.
✔✔Organizational commitment: - ✔✔The degree to which an employee identifies with a
particular organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain membership in the
organization.
✔✔Job involvement: - ✔✔The degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively
participates in it, and considers performance important to self-worth.
✔✔Perception: - ✔✔- Perception: A process by which individuals organize and interpret
their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
• Behaviors are based on perceptions of reality, not reality itself!
• The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important
✔✔Attribution theory: - ✔✔An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is
internally (individual's fault) or externally (due to situation) caused. Determination
depends on 3 factors:
• Distinctiveness: does the person show different behaviors in different situations.
• Consensus: Is the person's response the same as others to the same situation.
• Consistency: Is the person likely to respond in the same way over time.
✔✔Fundamental attribution error: - ✔✔The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making
judgments about the behaviors of others.
✔✔Self-serving bias: - ✔✔The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes
to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
✔✔personality attributes influencing organizational behavior: - ✔✔• Personality
Determinants: Heredity, Environment, Situation
o Personality Traits: Enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior.
• Extraversion: A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable,
gregarious, and assertive.
• Agreeableness: A personality dimension that describes some one who is good-
natured, cooperative, and trusting.
, • Conscientiousness: A personality dimension that describes someone who is
responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.(***best predictor of job
performance)
• Emotional Stability: A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-
confident, secure vs. nervous, depressed, and insecure.
• Openness to Experience: A personality dimension that characterizes someone in
terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.
- How does personality relate to being an effective worker?
o Conscientiousness → Performance/Org. Citizenship
o Extraversion → Performance for Managers and Sales
o Openness to Experience → Training Proficiency
o Extraverted (E) Vs. Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, and
assertive while introverts are quiet and shy.
o Sensing (S) Vs.: Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order, focusing on
details. Intuitive (N): Intuitive types rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big
picture".
o Thinking (T) Vs.: Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling (F):
Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions.
o Judging (J) Vs.: Judging types want control and prefer order and structure. Perceiving
(P): Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.
o Machiavellianism (Mach): The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains
emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
o Narcissism: The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-
✔✔Hofstede's Five value Dimensions framework of National Culture: - ✔✔o In late
1970s Geert Hofstede analyzed variations in cultures and found that managers and
employees vary on 5 value dimensions of national culture:
o Power Distance: A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a
society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
o Individualism vs Collectivism
• Individualism: A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people
prefer to act as individuals rather than members of groups.
• Collectivism: A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in
which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and
protect them.
o Masculinity vs Femininity
• Masculinity: A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture
favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal
views are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.
• Femininity: A national culture attribute that indicates little difference between male and
female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all
aspects of the society
✔✔Motivational theories - ✔✔Hierarchy of Needs, two-factor theory, equity theory, and
expectancy theory
