NATS 1675 STUDY GUIDE
Human Development - Answers -- Development is not only growth or enlargement.
- Development is not only the assembly of building blocks.
Development is an organized sequence of changes in cells, organs, and the pattern of
the organism as a result of gene expression.
- organized sequence of changes in cells, organs, and the pattern of the organism as a
result of gene expression
Characteristics of living things - Answers -- consist of one or more cells
- take in and use energy and materials
- sense and respond to changes in environment
- maintain homeostasis
- reproduce and grow
- have an evolutionary history
Carbohydrate metabolism - Answers -- broken down into simple sugars by enzymes in
the small intestine.
Lactose - Answers -- is a carbohydrate made of one glucose molecule and one
galactose molecule.
- galactose and glucose are absorbed by the small intestine and used in the bodys cells
Lactose intolerance - Answers -- occurs when an individual does not make the lactase
needed to break down the lactose molecules in the intestine.
- lactose is not absorbed and moves on to the colon where it is used by bacteria,
causing flatulence
- draws water to the colon to flush it out, causing loose stools
Homeostasis - Answers -- ability of an organization to maintain an internal environment
that operates under specific conditions
Cell size and properties - Answers -- cell is around 10-30 um (um = 1 millionth of a
meter)
- eukaryotes are about 10 times larger than prokaryotes
- limit to how big a cell can be to remain efficient
Prokaryotic cells - Answers -- thought to be first cell to evolve
- lack a nucleus
- represented by bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic cells - Answers -- have a nucleus that houses dna
- many membrane bound organelles
, Prokaryotes - Answers -- always single cell
- helicobacter pylori - found in stomach and associated with ulcers
- escherichia coli - found in the lower intestines as part of healthy ecology
Plasma membrane - Answers -- surrounds and delineates the cell
- phospholipid bilayer
- embedded with proteins that move in the membrane
contains cholesterol for support
- contains protein and lipids with carbohydrates attached
- selectively permeable
- thin and fluid like
- controls movement of substances in an out
Oxytocin - Answers -- oxytocin receptors are integral membrane proteins
- oxytocin is a peptide hormone that is made in hypothalamus
and stored in the posterior pituitary gland
- oxytocin causes the myoepithelial cells to contract, pushing milk into the milk ducts
Glycolipids - Answers -- phospholipid + carbohydrate chain = glycolipid
Glycoproteins - Answers -- protein + carbohydrate chain = glycoprotein
Cholesterol - Answers -- a lipid in the plasma membrane that helps keep it fluid
Integral protein - Answers -- passes through the plasma membrane
- can be a channel for certain molecules
- can be a receptor for certain molecules
Peripheral protein - Answers -- found on one side of the plasma membrane
Diffusion - Answers -- the random movement of molecules from a higher concentration
to a lower concentration
Osmosis - Answers -- the diffusion of water molecules
Facilitated transport - Answers -- transport of molecules through the plasma membrane
from a higher to lower concentration using a protein carrier
Active transport - Answers -- movement of molecules from a lower to higher
concentration using ATP as energy
Endomembrane system - Answers -- series of molecules in which molecules are
transported in the cell
Nuclear envelope - Answers -- double membrane, with nuclear pores that encloses
nucleus
Human Development - Answers -- Development is not only growth or enlargement.
- Development is not only the assembly of building blocks.
Development is an organized sequence of changes in cells, organs, and the pattern of
the organism as a result of gene expression.
- organized sequence of changes in cells, organs, and the pattern of the organism as a
result of gene expression
Characteristics of living things - Answers -- consist of one or more cells
- take in and use energy and materials
- sense and respond to changes in environment
- maintain homeostasis
- reproduce and grow
- have an evolutionary history
Carbohydrate metabolism - Answers -- broken down into simple sugars by enzymes in
the small intestine.
Lactose - Answers -- is a carbohydrate made of one glucose molecule and one
galactose molecule.
- galactose and glucose are absorbed by the small intestine and used in the bodys cells
Lactose intolerance - Answers -- occurs when an individual does not make the lactase
needed to break down the lactose molecules in the intestine.
- lactose is not absorbed and moves on to the colon where it is used by bacteria,
causing flatulence
- draws water to the colon to flush it out, causing loose stools
Homeostasis - Answers -- ability of an organization to maintain an internal environment
that operates under specific conditions
Cell size and properties - Answers -- cell is around 10-30 um (um = 1 millionth of a
meter)
- eukaryotes are about 10 times larger than prokaryotes
- limit to how big a cell can be to remain efficient
Prokaryotic cells - Answers -- thought to be first cell to evolve
- lack a nucleus
- represented by bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic cells - Answers -- have a nucleus that houses dna
- many membrane bound organelles
, Prokaryotes - Answers -- always single cell
- helicobacter pylori - found in stomach and associated with ulcers
- escherichia coli - found in the lower intestines as part of healthy ecology
Plasma membrane - Answers -- surrounds and delineates the cell
- phospholipid bilayer
- embedded with proteins that move in the membrane
contains cholesterol for support
- contains protein and lipids with carbohydrates attached
- selectively permeable
- thin and fluid like
- controls movement of substances in an out
Oxytocin - Answers -- oxytocin receptors are integral membrane proteins
- oxytocin is a peptide hormone that is made in hypothalamus
and stored in the posterior pituitary gland
- oxytocin causes the myoepithelial cells to contract, pushing milk into the milk ducts
Glycolipids - Answers -- phospholipid + carbohydrate chain = glycolipid
Glycoproteins - Answers -- protein + carbohydrate chain = glycoprotein
Cholesterol - Answers -- a lipid in the plasma membrane that helps keep it fluid
Integral protein - Answers -- passes through the plasma membrane
- can be a channel for certain molecules
- can be a receptor for certain molecules
Peripheral protein - Answers -- found on one side of the plasma membrane
Diffusion - Answers -- the random movement of molecules from a higher concentration
to a lower concentration
Osmosis - Answers -- the diffusion of water molecules
Facilitated transport - Answers -- transport of molecules through the plasma membrane
from a higher to lower concentration using a protein carrier
Active transport - Answers -- movement of molecules from a lower to higher
concentration using ATP as energy
Endomembrane system - Answers -- series of molecules in which molecules are
transported in the cell
Nuclear envelope - Answers -- double membrane, with nuclear pores that encloses
nucleus
