SSH 105 TEST 3 STUDY GUIDE
Principle of charity - Answers -2 parts:
1. Don't twist other people's words for better or worse. Be fair-minded and reasonable,
and take the argument for what it is.
2. Try to formulate a reconstruction that is well-formed, has premises that are R/J/R for
the author/speaker to believe, and for inductive arguments aren't defeated.
How to recognize arguments - Answers -
step 1 - Answers -Figure out of it is an argument or not.
How to figure out if it is an argument - Answers -1. look for a conclusion and look for
premises
ask yourself: is the author trying to get me to believe something by giving me reasons
Descriptive writing - Answers -just describing things. ex. the cat is on the table
rhetorical writing - Answers -Asserts one or more conclusions without premises. in my
opinion.... Ex. joseph is not nice
Techniques for identifying conclusions - Answers -1. try to ignore everything that isn't
an argument
2. remember any proposition on any topic can be a conclusion
3. ask yourself what the overall point of what the speech is
Identifying conclusions cont. - Answers -4. remember one speech can have one main
argument and many sub-arguments
5. look for conclusion indicators
6. remember that these aren't always present
7 remember that they aren't always last, sometimes they come first
8. sometimes they are implicit conclusions
9. sometimes the explicitly stated conclusion isn't what the author met
10. they can be stated in obscure ways
Conclusions indicators - Answers -thus, therefore, hence, entails, implies, it follows
that, we may conclude, this proves that, consequently, so, establishes, shows.
techniques for identifying premises - Answers -1. try to ignore non-argumentative
material
2. remember any proposition on any topic, expressed by any person at a time can be
premise
3. ask yourself: what are the reasons offered by the speaker
4. remember one chunk of words may include several independent arguments or sub
arguments
, 5. look for premise indicators
6. remember that premise indicators aren't always there
7 remember they don't come in first
8 sometimes people don't explicitly say them at all
9. sometimes the explicit statements aren't what the author meant
10. premises can be stated in obscure ways, make sure to make them as clear as
possible.
Principle of fairness - Answers -when adding implicit premises make sure they are
consistent of the author/speaker
Principle of charitable intension - Answers -When adding implicit premises add ones
that are r/j/r to believe rather than the ones that are obviously false
Generalization - Answers -not a conditional. All As are Bs: universal generalization
Most As are Bs: non-universal generalization
sometimes we need to determine which quantifier to use, use the principle of charity
here.
Cheap Validly - Answers -take an ill-formed argument, and add enough premises so
that it becomes valid.
Improper wording - Answers -make sure to look out for the wording, make sure the
words match in each premise.
example:
1. Most people who study hard in school do well
2. Jim study's regularly
3. therefore Jim studies well (from 1,2)
this is ill-formed because studying regularly and studying well.
Missing premises - Answers -1. try to include all the premises explicitly given by the
speaker
2. try to include any implicit premises needed
3. always brackets with the justification afterwards
Unnecessary premises - Answers -1. don't include non-argumentative writing
2. don't repeat premises already stated
3. If you see an unnecessary premise, either delete it or incorporate it into the argument
somehow
subarguments - Answers -one argument nested in another. the conclusion wears 2
hats, a premise in the main argument and a conclusion in the sub-argument.
Why do we evaluate arguments? - Answers -not to be nitpicky or to win. it's more about
what is reasonable to believe in since we want the truth and what is not reasonable to
believe since we want to avoid an error.
Principle of charity - Answers -2 parts:
1. Don't twist other people's words for better or worse. Be fair-minded and reasonable,
and take the argument for what it is.
2. Try to formulate a reconstruction that is well-formed, has premises that are R/J/R for
the author/speaker to believe, and for inductive arguments aren't defeated.
How to recognize arguments - Answers -
step 1 - Answers -Figure out of it is an argument or not.
How to figure out if it is an argument - Answers -1. look for a conclusion and look for
premises
ask yourself: is the author trying to get me to believe something by giving me reasons
Descriptive writing - Answers -just describing things. ex. the cat is on the table
rhetorical writing - Answers -Asserts one or more conclusions without premises. in my
opinion.... Ex. joseph is not nice
Techniques for identifying conclusions - Answers -1. try to ignore everything that isn't
an argument
2. remember any proposition on any topic can be a conclusion
3. ask yourself what the overall point of what the speech is
Identifying conclusions cont. - Answers -4. remember one speech can have one main
argument and many sub-arguments
5. look for conclusion indicators
6. remember that these aren't always present
7 remember that they aren't always last, sometimes they come first
8. sometimes they are implicit conclusions
9. sometimes the explicitly stated conclusion isn't what the author met
10. they can be stated in obscure ways
Conclusions indicators - Answers -thus, therefore, hence, entails, implies, it follows
that, we may conclude, this proves that, consequently, so, establishes, shows.
techniques for identifying premises - Answers -1. try to ignore non-argumentative
material
2. remember any proposition on any topic, expressed by any person at a time can be
premise
3. ask yourself: what are the reasons offered by the speaker
4. remember one chunk of words may include several independent arguments or sub
arguments
, 5. look for premise indicators
6. remember that premise indicators aren't always there
7 remember they don't come in first
8 sometimes people don't explicitly say them at all
9. sometimes the explicit statements aren't what the author meant
10. premises can be stated in obscure ways, make sure to make them as clear as
possible.
Principle of fairness - Answers -when adding implicit premises make sure they are
consistent of the author/speaker
Principle of charitable intension - Answers -When adding implicit premises add ones
that are r/j/r to believe rather than the ones that are obviously false
Generalization - Answers -not a conditional. All As are Bs: universal generalization
Most As are Bs: non-universal generalization
sometimes we need to determine which quantifier to use, use the principle of charity
here.
Cheap Validly - Answers -take an ill-formed argument, and add enough premises so
that it becomes valid.
Improper wording - Answers -make sure to look out for the wording, make sure the
words match in each premise.
example:
1. Most people who study hard in school do well
2. Jim study's regularly
3. therefore Jim studies well (from 1,2)
this is ill-formed because studying regularly and studying well.
Missing premises - Answers -1. try to include all the premises explicitly given by the
speaker
2. try to include any implicit premises needed
3. always brackets with the justification afterwards
Unnecessary premises - Answers -1. don't include non-argumentative writing
2. don't repeat premises already stated
3. If you see an unnecessary premise, either delete it or incorporate it into the argument
somehow
subarguments - Answers -one argument nested in another. the conclusion wears 2
hats, a premise in the main argument and a conclusion in the sub-argument.
Why do we evaluate arguments? - Answers -not to be nitpicky or to win. it's more about
what is reasonable to believe in since we want the truth and what is not reasonable to
believe since we want to avoid an error.
