BIOL251 FINAL EXAM REVIEW COMPREHENSIVE
TEST PREP | UPDATED FOR 2025–2026
anatomy - correct answer -study of structure
physiology - correct answer -study of how body parts function
level of structural organization - correct answer -chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
11 systems of the human body - correct answer -integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary components - correct answer -skin, hair, nails
integumentary functions - correct answer -protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
skeletal components - correct answer -bones, joints, cartilage
skeletal functions - correct answer -structure, support, body movements
muscular components - correct answer -skeletal muscle tissue
muscular functions - correct answer -movements, produces heat, maintains posture
nervous components - correct answer -brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and
ears)
,nervous functions - correct answer -action potentials, regulates body activities, detects changes
in internal and external
endocrine components - correct answer -hormone producing glands (pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
endocrine functions - correct answer -releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
cardiovascular components - correct answer -blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular functions - correct answer -pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and
water content of body fluids
lymphatic components - correct answer -lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes,
and tonsils
lymphatic functions - correct answer -returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
respiratory components - correct answer -lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
respiratory functions - correct answer -transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon
dioxide from blood to exhaled air
digestive components - correct answer -mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
pancreas, anus
,digestive functions - correct answer -achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food,
absorbs nutrients
urinary components - correct answer -kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
urinary functions - correct answer -produces, stores, and eliminates urine
reproductive components - correct answer -gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
reproductive functions - correct answer -gonads produce gametes to help form a new
organism, mammary glands produce milk, etc.
life processes in humans - correct answer -metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
homeostasis - correct answer -a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal
environment
fluid in homeostasis - correct answer -extracellular fluid
components of a feedback loop - correct answer -stimulus, receptor, control center, effector,
response
negative feedback loop - correct answer -a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving (example: change in blood pressure)
positive feedback loop - correct answer -a feedback loop in which change in a system is
amplified (example: pregnancy)
, tissue - correct answer -a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an
embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities
4 basic types of tissue - correct answer -epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
cell junctions - correct answer -cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact
between cells
tight junctions - correct answer -adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between;
stands of transmembrane proteins on the sides
adherens junctions - correct answer -adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin)
along the middle with plaque in between
desmosomes - correct answer -adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and
keratin on the sides (crazy looking)
hemidesmosomes - correct answer -attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with
keratin on the top
gap junctions - correct answer -adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
epithelial tissue - correct answer -cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell
junctions present, attaches to basement membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis occurs
frequently
epithelial cell diagram - correct answer -
TEST PREP | UPDATED FOR 2025–2026
anatomy - correct answer -study of structure
physiology - correct answer -study of how body parts function
level of structural organization - correct answer -chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
11 systems of the human body - correct answer -integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary components - correct answer -skin, hair, nails
integumentary functions - correct answer -protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
skeletal components - correct answer -bones, joints, cartilage
skeletal functions - correct answer -structure, support, body movements
muscular components - correct answer -skeletal muscle tissue
muscular functions - correct answer -movements, produces heat, maintains posture
nervous components - correct answer -brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and
ears)
,nervous functions - correct answer -action potentials, regulates body activities, detects changes
in internal and external
endocrine components - correct answer -hormone producing glands (pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
endocrine functions - correct answer -releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
cardiovascular components - correct answer -blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular functions - correct answer -pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and
water content of body fluids
lymphatic components - correct answer -lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes,
and tonsils
lymphatic functions - correct answer -returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
respiratory components - correct answer -lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
respiratory functions - correct answer -transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon
dioxide from blood to exhaled air
digestive components - correct answer -mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
pancreas, anus
,digestive functions - correct answer -achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food,
absorbs nutrients
urinary components - correct answer -kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
urinary functions - correct answer -produces, stores, and eliminates urine
reproductive components - correct answer -gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
reproductive functions - correct answer -gonads produce gametes to help form a new
organism, mammary glands produce milk, etc.
life processes in humans - correct answer -metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
homeostasis - correct answer -a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal
environment
fluid in homeostasis - correct answer -extracellular fluid
components of a feedback loop - correct answer -stimulus, receptor, control center, effector,
response
negative feedback loop - correct answer -a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving (example: change in blood pressure)
positive feedback loop - correct answer -a feedback loop in which change in a system is
amplified (example: pregnancy)
, tissue - correct answer -a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an
embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities
4 basic types of tissue - correct answer -epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
cell junctions - correct answer -cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact
between cells
tight junctions - correct answer -adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between;
stands of transmembrane proteins on the sides
adherens junctions - correct answer -adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin)
along the middle with plaque in between
desmosomes - correct answer -adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and
keratin on the sides (crazy looking)
hemidesmosomes - correct answer -attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with
keratin on the top
gap junctions - correct answer -adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
epithelial tissue - correct answer -cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell
junctions present, attaches to basement membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis occurs
frequently
epithelial cell diagram - correct answer -
