NURS 535 ACTUAL 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What are the physiologic effects of the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system during
the alarm phase? - ✔✔Increased HR, Increased BP, Increased oxygenation to muscles
anticipating increased physical activity
"Fight or Flight"
✔✔What is transduction? - ✔✔Stimulation of nociceptors in the periphery causing
activation of nociceptors.
✔✔What are the four phases of nociception? - ✔✔transduction, transmission,
perception, modulation
✔✔What happens when endorphins & enkephalins are released? - ✔✔In a number of
conditions, individuals not only experience insensitivity to pain but also increased
feelings of excitement, positive well-being, & euphoria.
✔✔What is the role of endorphins & enkephalins related to pain? - ✔✔They act as
inhibitory neurotransmitters on the sensory afferent terminal & decrease pain
perception.
✔✔What is PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)? - ✔✔A psychologic disorder that
may develop in individuals who have experienced or witnessed traumatic events.
✔✔What are the characteristics of PTSD? - ✔✔recurrent flashbacks of the traumatic
event, nightmares, irritability, anxiety, fatigue, forgetfulness, & social withdraw
***In response to a memory
✔✔C fibers - ✔✔Transmit chemical, mechanical, & hotter temperatures at a slower
pace
unmyelinated
synapses on interneurons & releases Substance P (excitatory neurotransmitter)
Crosses contra laterally
Ascends via paleospinothalamic tract
✔✔A-Delta fibers - ✔✔Transmit cold temperatures & mechanical stimuli rapidly
Myelinated
Synapses on the interneurons & releases Glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter)
Crosses contra laterally
Ascends via neospinothalamic tract
, ✔✔What are endorphins and enkephalins? - ✔✔Natural opioid-like substances that
block transmission of painful impulses to the brain
✔✔What is perceptual dominance? - ✔✔Intense pain at one location may cause an
increase in the pain threshold in another location
Pain at one site may mask other painful areas
✔✔What is histone modification? - ✔✔Chromatin organization & compaction help
regulate gene expression and determine & maintain cell identity
✔✔Purpose of histone modification - ✔✔This process helps relax and contract the
chromatin which is associated with varying levels of gene transcription
✔✔How is histone modified? - ✔✔Through histone acetylation & deacetylation.
Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one
molecule to another
✔✔Abberrant methylation can lead to _______. - ✔✔silencing of tumor suppressor
genes in the development of cancer
✔✔What does methylation along with histone hypoacetylation & the condensing of the
chromatin do? - ✔✔Inhibit the binding of transcription binding factors that regulate
transcription which renders the gene transcriptionally inactive.
✔✔DNA methylation: What is it? - ✔✔Renders a gene transcriptionally inactive or silent
✔✔What are the three types of Epigentric modification? - ✔✔DNA methylation
Histone modification
Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs & miRs)
✔✔Epigenetics - ✔✔the study of the mechanisms that effect gene expression other
than changes in DNA sequencing
✔✔Examples of Multifactorial Disorders/Diseases - ✔✔Coronary artery disease
hypertension
cancer
diabetes
obesity
Alzheimer's
alcoholism
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What are the physiologic effects of the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system during
the alarm phase? - ✔✔Increased HR, Increased BP, Increased oxygenation to muscles
anticipating increased physical activity
"Fight or Flight"
✔✔What is transduction? - ✔✔Stimulation of nociceptors in the periphery causing
activation of nociceptors.
✔✔What are the four phases of nociception? - ✔✔transduction, transmission,
perception, modulation
✔✔What happens when endorphins & enkephalins are released? - ✔✔In a number of
conditions, individuals not only experience insensitivity to pain but also increased
feelings of excitement, positive well-being, & euphoria.
✔✔What is the role of endorphins & enkephalins related to pain? - ✔✔They act as
inhibitory neurotransmitters on the sensory afferent terminal & decrease pain
perception.
✔✔What is PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)? - ✔✔A psychologic disorder that
may develop in individuals who have experienced or witnessed traumatic events.
✔✔What are the characteristics of PTSD? - ✔✔recurrent flashbacks of the traumatic
event, nightmares, irritability, anxiety, fatigue, forgetfulness, & social withdraw
***In response to a memory
✔✔C fibers - ✔✔Transmit chemical, mechanical, & hotter temperatures at a slower
pace
unmyelinated
synapses on interneurons & releases Substance P (excitatory neurotransmitter)
Crosses contra laterally
Ascends via paleospinothalamic tract
✔✔A-Delta fibers - ✔✔Transmit cold temperatures & mechanical stimuli rapidly
Myelinated
Synapses on the interneurons & releases Glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter)
Crosses contra laterally
Ascends via neospinothalamic tract
, ✔✔What are endorphins and enkephalins? - ✔✔Natural opioid-like substances that
block transmission of painful impulses to the brain
✔✔What is perceptual dominance? - ✔✔Intense pain at one location may cause an
increase in the pain threshold in another location
Pain at one site may mask other painful areas
✔✔What is histone modification? - ✔✔Chromatin organization & compaction help
regulate gene expression and determine & maintain cell identity
✔✔Purpose of histone modification - ✔✔This process helps relax and contract the
chromatin which is associated with varying levels of gene transcription
✔✔How is histone modified? - ✔✔Through histone acetylation & deacetylation.
Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one
molecule to another
✔✔Abberrant methylation can lead to _______. - ✔✔silencing of tumor suppressor
genes in the development of cancer
✔✔What does methylation along with histone hypoacetylation & the condensing of the
chromatin do? - ✔✔Inhibit the binding of transcription binding factors that regulate
transcription which renders the gene transcriptionally inactive.
✔✔DNA methylation: What is it? - ✔✔Renders a gene transcriptionally inactive or silent
✔✔What are the three types of Epigentric modification? - ✔✔DNA methylation
Histone modification
Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs & miRs)
✔✔Epigenetics - ✔✔the study of the mechanisms that effect gene expression other
than changes in DNA sequencing
✔✔Examples of Multifactorial Disorders/Diseases - ✔✔Coronary artery disease
hypertension
cancer
diabetes
obesity
Alzheimer's
alcoholism
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
