Pharm NURS 615 -Examination with Well Detailed
Question & Answers Perfectly A+ Grade (2026
Newest Updated Versions)
How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - Answer-Low
albumin = more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) =
increased adverse effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - Answer-is considered a contraindication to
administer that drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - Answer-Half-life specifically means the amount of
time it takes for an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - Answer-the time between drug administration and maximum
concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - Answer-the time between onset of action and metabolism of
drug below the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the
drug in your system.
,Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - Answer-
Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI
mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - Answer-whether the
drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell
membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the
blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - Answer-proteins
such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the
protein. The portion of a drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert
a therapeutic effect. Only the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is
said to be highly protein-bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system -
Answer-CYPs are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism
accounting for about 75% of the total metabolism.
Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - Answer-For
example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit
juices including dihydroxy forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit
CYP3a4 mediated metabolism of certain medications leading to increased
bioavailability and the strong possibility of overdosing.
What does grapefruit have to do with CYP? - Answer-Grapefruit is an inhibitor and
will decrease the metabolism of drugs by the cyp enzymes
When 2 drugs are both metabolized by the p450 system the drug should be -
Answer-administered at separate times to prevent the metabolism of one drug
, resulting in toxic effects of the other drug. (because it would have less protein to
bind too, thus more free floating drug)
What is the efficacy of a drug? - Answer-Efficacy is the maximum response
achievable from a drug. Effectiveness refers to the ability of the drug to produce a
beneficial effect.
On the drug concentration curve what is the first sign of a therapeutic effect? -
Answer-The onset of action
What is the purpose of a peak and trough level? - Answer-To determine if the
drug is in therapeutic range.
Describe the purpose of blood brain barrier - Answer-The BBB is a highly selective
permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and
extracellular fluid in the CNS. The BBB is formed by brain endothelial cells which
are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity of at
least 0.1 micron. The BBB allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid
soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport molecules
such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neuro function.
Describe the purpose of the fetal placental barrier - Answer-the so-called
placental barrier impedes certain chemicals although it allows most fat soluble
chemicals to cross. Drugs that are more water soluble and that possess a higher
molecular weight tend not to cross the placental barrier. In addition, if a drug
binds to a large molecule, such as a blood-borne protein like albumin, it is even
less likely to come into contact with fetus.
How will renal insufficiency affect drug elimination? - Answer-The kidney is the
primary organ of excretion for most drugs. General theme of metabolism is to
Question & Answers Perfectly A+ Grade (2026
Newest Updated Versions)
How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - Answer-Low
albumin = more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) =
increased adverse effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - Answer-is considered a contraindication to
administer that drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - Answer-Half-life specifically means the amount of
time it takes for an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - Answer-the time between drug administration and maximum
concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - Answer-the time between onset of action and metabolism of
drug below the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the
drug in your system.
,Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - Answer-
Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI
mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - Answer-whether the
drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell
membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the
blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - Answer-proteins
such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the
protein. The portion of a drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert
a therapeutic effect. Only the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is
said to be highly protein-bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system -
Answer-CYPs are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism
accounting for about 75% of the total metabolism.
Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - Answer-For
example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit
juices including dihydroxy forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit
CYP3a4 mediated metabolism of certain medications leading to increased
bioavailability and the strong possibility of overdosing.
What does grapefruit have to do with CYP? - Answer-Grapefruit is an inhibitor and
will decrease the metabolism of drugs by the cyp enzymes
When 2 drugs are both metabolized by the p450 system the drug should be -
Answer-administered at separate times to prevent the metabolism of one drug
, resulting in toxic effects of the other drug. (because it would have less protein to
bind too, thus more free floating drug)
What is the efficacy of a drug? - Answer-Efficacy is the maximum response
achievable from a drug. Effectiveness refers to the ability of the drug to produce a
beneficial effect.
On the drug concentration curve what is the first sign of a therapeutic effect? -
Answer-The onset of action
What is the purpose of a peak and trough level? - Answer-To determine if the
drug is in therapeutic range.
Describe the purpose of blood brain barrier - Answer-The BBB is a highly selective
permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and
extracellular fluid in the CNS. The BBB is formed by brain endothelial cells which
are connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity of at
least 0.1 micron. The BBB allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid
soluble molecules by passive diffusion as well as the selective transport molecules
such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neuro function.
Describe the purpose of the fetal placental barrier - Answer-the so-called
placental barrier impedes certain chemicals although it allows most fat soluble
chemicals to cross. Drugs that are more water soluble and that possess a higher
molecular weight tend not to cross the placental barrier. In addition, if a drug
binds to a large molecule, such as a blood-borne protein like albumin, it is even
less likely to come into contact with fetus.
How will renal insufficiency affect drug elimination? - Answer-The kidney is the
primary organ of excretion for most drugs. General theme of metabolism is to
