MDSC 515 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--objective |and |quantifiable |measurement |or |characteristic
|of |a |biological |process |
-indicator |of |a |biologic |process |
-molecular |pathology |= |gene |or |gene |product |associated |with |a |disease |process
ideal |biomarker |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--relevant |and |valid |to |a |specific |disease |state |
-provides |actionable |or |prognostic |info
-quantifiable |in |easily |obtained |tissue |or |fluid |
-economical |to |test |in |a |reproducible |fashion
caveat |to |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--molecular |pathology |biomarkers |can |be |the |
protein, |specific |mutation, |copy |number |alteration |or |the |fusion |gene |product
-specific |biomarker |can |be |associated |with |multiple |diseases |and |have |multiple |types |of |
alteration, |each |with |different |disease |associations
types |of |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--predisposition
-diagnostic |
-prognostic |
-predictive
predisposition |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--indicates |a |risk |or |likelihood |that |a |disease
|process |will |occur |prior |to |symptoms |
-prenatal |screening |for |inherited |syndromes
,diagnostic |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--pathognomonic |= |defines/diagnoses |the |
specific |entity |- |characteristic |or |indicative |of |disease |
-typically |the |status |of |the |biomarker |is |included |in |the |diagnostic |criteria |for |the |disease |in |
question |
-CFTR |mutations |are |required |for |cystic |fibrosis |to |develop |
-some |biomarkers |are |diagnostic |of |multiple |diseases |or |some |are |diagnostic |in |one |and |not |
another |even |if |its |present
prognostic |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--status |of |the |biomarker |provides |info |on |how |
the |disease |will |behave |independent |of |therapy |(normal |behaviour) |
-example: |patients |with |breast |cancer |that |are |negative |for |hormone |receptors |will |have |
worse |outcomes |than |those |that |are |positive |for |the |receptors
predictive |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--status |of |the |biomarker |predicts/determines |
how |the |disease |will |respond |to |different |therapies
-if |biomarker |X |is |present, |the |disease |will |reliably |respond |positively |or |negatively |to |the |
treatment |Y |
-mutations |with |targeted |therapy |(therapy |will |be |beneficial |or |not |to |the |disease)
issues |with |therapies |and |treatments |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--efficacy |of |therapies |almost |
alway |derived |from |population |data/stats |
-a |percent |of |the |pop |will |not |experience |therapy |benefit |- |therefore |they |are |at |risk |for |
therapy |side |effects
targeted |therapy |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--specific |therapy |that |takes |advantage |of |disease |
associated |biomarkers |
-substratify |the |treatments |for |the |same |disease |based |on |the |biomarkers |that |an |individual |
possesses |
, -it |is |targeted |because |the |biomarker |is |usually |only |associated |with |the |disease |and |the |
normal |tissue |is |less |affected
types |of |targeted |therapies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--receptor |tyrosine |kinase |pathway |targets
|are |the |most |common |
-monoclonal |antibodies |target |the |receptors |upstream |
-small |molecule |inhibitors |such |as |tyrosine |kinase |inhibitors |are |used |more |downstream
somatic |mutations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--non-germline |tissue |
-non-heritable |(acquired) |
-involved |in |disease |development |
-need |to |test |the |tumour |or |any |cells |that |come |from |the |diseased |organ |as |the |mutation |will |
not |be |present |anywhere |else
germ-line |mutations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--present |in |egg |or |sperm |
-heritable |
-cause |cancer |family |syndrome |(inherited) |
-in |every |tissue |affected |- |can |test |skin, |blood, |tissues, |affected |as |found |in |all |of |the |cells
tumour |testing |and |multi-hit |hypothesis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--tumours |have |variable |
mutation |profiles |and |multiple |different |mutations |
-specific |mutations |may |or |may |not |be |relevant |
-different |types |of |mutations |are |relevant |to |specific |genes |
-focus |molecular |analysis |on |oncogenes |and |tumour |suppressors
stepwise |progression |model |of |cancer |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--clonality: |condition |of |being |
genetically |identical |yo |a |parent, |sibling, |or |other |biological |source |
CORRECT ANSWERS
biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--objective |and |quantifiable |measurement |or |characteristic
|of |a |biological |process |
-indicator |of |a |biologic |process |
-molecular |pathology |= |gene |or |gene |product |associated |with |a |disease |process
ideal |biomarker |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--relevant |and |valid |to |a |specific |disease |state |
-provides |actionable |or |prognostic |info
-quantifiable |in |easily |obtained |tissue |or |fluid |
-economical |to |test |in |a |reproducible |fashion
caveat |to |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--molecular |pathology |biomarkers |can |be |the |
protein, |specific |mutation, |copy |number |alteration |or |the |fusion |gene |product
-specific |biomarker |can |be |associated |with |multiple |diseases |and |have |multiple |types |of |
alteration, |each |with |different |disease |associations
types |of |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--predisposition
-diagnostic |
-prognostic |
-predictive
predisposition |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--indicates |a |risk |or |likelihood |that |a |disease
|process |will |occur |prior |to |symptoms |
-prenatal |screening |for |inherited |syndromes
,diagnostic |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--pathognomonic |= |defines/diagnoses |the |
specific |entity |- |characteristic |or |indicative |of |disease |
-typically |the |status |of |the |biomarker |is |included |in |the |diagnostic |criteria |for |the |disease |in |
question |
-CFTR |mutations |are |required |for |cystic |fibrosis |to |develop |
-some |biomarkers |are |diagnostic |of |multiple |diseases |or |some |are |diagnostic |in |one |and |not |
another |even |if |its |present
prognostic |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--status |of |the |biomarker |provides |info |on |how |
the |disease |will |behave |independent |of |therapy |(normal |behaviour) |
-example: |patients |with |breast |cancer |that |are |negative |for |hormone |receptors |will |have |
worse |outcomes |than |those |that |are |positive |for |the |receptors
predictive |biomarkers |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--status |of |the |biomarker |predicts/determines |
how |the |disease |will |respond |to |different |therapies
-if |biomarker |X |is |present, |the |disease |will |reliably |respond |positively |or |negatively |to |the |
treatment |Y |
-mutations |with |targeted |therapy |(therapy |will |be |beneficial |or |not |to |the |disease)
issues |with |therapies |and |treatments |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--efficacy |of |therapies |almost |
alway |derived |from |population |data/stats |
-a |percent |of |the |pop |will |not |experience |therapy |benefit |- |therefore |they |are |at |risk |for |
therapy |side |effects
targeted |therapy |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--specific |therapy |that |takes |advantage |of |disease |
associated |biomarkers |
-substratify |the |treatments |for |the |same |disease |based |on |the |biomarkers |that |an |individual |
possesses |
, -it |is |targeted |because |the |biomarker |is |usually |only |associated |with |the |disease |and |the |
normal |tissue |is |less |affected
types |of |targeted |therapies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--receptor |tyrosine |kinase |pathway |targets
|are |the |most |common |
-monoclonal |antibodies |target |the |receptors |upstream |
-small |molecule |inhibitors |such |as |tyrosine |kinase |inhibitors |are |used |more |downstream
somatic |mutations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--non-germline |tissue |
-non-heritable |(acquired) |
-involved |in |disease |development |
-need |to |test |the |tumour |or |any |cells |that |come |from |the |diseased |organ |as |the |mutation |will |
not |be |present |anywhere |else
germ-line |mutations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--present |in |egg |or |sperm |
-heritable |
-cause |cancer |family |syndrome |(inherited) |
-in |every |tissue |affected |- |can |test |skin, |blood, |tissues, |affected |as |found |in |all |of |the |cells
tumour |testing |and |multi-hit |hypothesis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--tumours |have |variable |
mutation |profiles |and |multiple |different |mutations |
-specific |mutations |may |or |may |not |be |relevant |
-different |types |of |mutations |are |relevant |to |specific |genes |
-focus |molecular |analysis |on |oncogenes |and |tumour |suppressors
stepwise |progression |model |of |cancer |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--clonality: |condition |of |being |
genetically |identical |yo |a |parent, |sibling, |or |other |biological |source |
