MDSC 515 final Exam Questions With Correct Answers

MDSC 515 final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers

thalidomide |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--anti-convulsive |drug |- |made |users |sleepy |and |relaxed |

-impossible |to |achieve |LD50 |of |the |drug |(this |is |when |50% |of |the |test |organisms |die |due |to |
poisoning |from |it) |

-animal |tests |did |not |determine |the |effects |during |pregnancy |

-it |was |highly |toxic |during |pregnancy |- |babies |were |born |without |limbs |due |to |it |

-pregnant |women |had |been |taking |it |as |it |reduced |morning |sickness |

-eventually |it |was |withdrawn |as |the |outcomes |were |bad



theranos |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--theranos |testing |only |required |a |drop |of |blood |for |
thousands |of |tests |to |be |completed |on |individuals |

-it |was |also |a |cheaper |method |than |typical |conventional |methods |

-it |began |to |become |more |popular |in |lots |of |pharmacies |

-then |an |investigation |discovered |it |was |fabricating |a |lot |of |its |results |and |then |it |was |
withdrawn |as |a |method



Hydroxychloroquine |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--originally |an |anti-malarial |drug |

-used |now |for |a |lot |of |rheumatoid |conditions |(auto-immune) |

-anti-inflammatory |- |inhibit |lysosome |functions |(inflammatory |functions |such |as |release |of |
inflammatory |cytokines |and |build |up |of |cellular |debris)

-anti-malarial |function |involves |the |inhibition |of |malarial |haemozoinb |formation |to |avoid |toxic |
buildup |of |heme |breakdown |products |(haemozoin |formation |required |for |the |survival |of |
malaria |in |the |cells |otherwise |it |is |attacked |by |toxic |effects |of |heme)

-was |originally |said |to |decrease |covid |replication

,-after |studies |it |was |shown |not |to |be |associated



evidence |based |medicine |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--integration |of |the |best |research |evidence |
with |clinical |expertise |and |patient |values



Bradford |hill |criteria |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |strength |of |association |- |larger |association |= |
more |likely |it |was |the |cause |

2. |consistency: |if |the |findings |have |been |consistently |found |it |is |more |likely |they |are |true |

3. |specificity: |more |specific |an |association |the |more |likely |there |is |a |causal |relationship |

4. |temporality: |the |effect |came |after |the |cause |- |can |know |that |it |was |potentially |the |cause |of |
it |

5. |biological |gradient: |greater |exposure |leads |to |greater |outcomes |

6. |plausibility: |plausible |mechanism |between |cause |and |effect |

7. |coherence: |coherence |between |epidemiological |and |laboratory |findings |increases |the |
likelihood |of |the |effect. |

8. |experimental |evidence

9. |analogy: |the |use |of |analogies |or |similarities |between |the |observed |associations |and |other |
associations |

10. |reversibility: |if |the |cause |is |deleted |then |the |effect |disappears |as |well



framing |research |questions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--establish |a |framework |to |evaluate |the |
research |

-identify/prevent |bias |

-organize |a |research |study |of |insufficient |evidence |is |available



qualitative |research |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--exploratory |

-hypothesis |generating |

-more |interpretive |

,-attempting |to |understand |complex |phenomena |

-involves |thematic |analysis |- |identify |themes



quantitative |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--structured |

-seeking |to |understand |

-association |to |causation |

-observational |or |experimental |

-involves |statistical |analysis |

-used |to |test |hypotheses



observational |research |studies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--no |direct |intervention |by |the |
researcher |

-case |report: |single |case

-case-series: |multiple |instances |of |disease |

-cohort: |multiple |instances |of |exposure |

-case-control: |comparing |exposure |data |in |patients |who |have |the |disease |(cases) |and |those |
who |dont |(controls)



experimental |research |studies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--specific |intervention |by |the |researcher
|



-diagnostic |test |studies |- |may |be |experimental |or |observational |

-RCTs |- |randomized



retrospective |vs |prospective |research |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--retrospective |looks |back |into |
the |past |to |collect |data |

-prospective |progresses |into |the |future |to |collect |data |- |controlled |variables/exposures



observational |retrospective |studies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--case |report |

, -case |control |

-case |studies |

-all |of |the |situations |where |the |individuals |already |have |the |disease |and |we |look |back |to |
determine |potential |associations |with |exposures



observational |prospective |studies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--cohort |

-individuals |have |yet |to |develop |the |disease |but |have |the |risk |factors |so |we |watch |to |see |if |
they |develop |it



diagnostic |test |studies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--when |testing |a |novel |diagnostic |test |against |a |
reference |standard |

-can |be |retrospective |in |the |sense |they |use |information |from |the |past |or |prospective |in |that |
they |follow |individuals |in |the |future |

-involves |individuals |either |with |the |disease |or |suspected |to |have |the |disease |as |well |as |
controls



Critical |appraisal |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--how |to |we |determine |if |evidence |should |be |
included |

-is |any |evidence |considered |sufficient

-is |bad |quality |evidence |better |than |no |evidence |

-is |there |methods |to |appraise |evidence



GRADE |- |biomedical |appraisal |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Grading |of |Recommendations, |
Assessment, |Development |and |Evaluations |

-critical |appraisal |tools |for |high-level |appraisal |of |medical |studies



GRADE |certainty |ratings |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--very |low: |the |effect |is |probably |markedly |
different |from |the |estimated |effect |

-low: |the |true |effect |might |be |markedly |different |from |the |estimated |effect |