MDC 4 ACTUAL 2026 CORE EXAM TEST QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Simple seizure - ✔✔A simple partial seizure will affect only one area of your brain. It
doesn't cause you to lose consciousness
✔✔Causes of seizures Primary - ✔✔idiopathic
genetic factors
✔✔Causes fo seizures secondary - ✔✔tumor or trauma
metabolic disroders
acute alchohol withdrawl
electrolyte imbalance
fever
stroke
TBI
substances
heart disease
✔✔Seizure Diagnostic testing - ✔✔EEG
CT/MRI
SPECT/PET
metabolic labs
✔✔seizure interventions medications Preventative - ✔✔Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek)
(most widely used)
• Fosphenytoin (Cerbryx)
• Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Tegretol XR, Tegretol-CR image, Carbatrol)
• Oxcarbazepine (Oxtellar, Trileptal)
• Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
• Valproic acid (Depakote, Depakoke ER, Epival image)
• Primidone (Mysoline)
• Gabapentin (Neurontin)
• Pregabalin (Lyrica)
• Levetiracetam (Keppra)
• Topiramate (Topamax)
• Ezogabine (Potiga) (first approved potassium channel opener drug approved for
adjunctive management of partial-onset seizures)
✔✔Seizure interventions prevent injury - ✔✔bring to floor
roll on side
clear objects away
observe and documetn
loosen clothing if restrictive
oral suction in mouth PRN
,✔✔Status epilepticus - ✔✔Seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or repeated seizures
over 30 min.
Medical emergency
give a benzodiazepine "pam"
IV phenytoin
✔✔Seizure surgcial management - ✔✔vagal nerve stimulation-prevents seizures by
sending regular, mild pulses of electrical energy to the brain via the vagus nerve. It is
sometimes referred to as a "pacemaker for the brain." A stimulator device is implanted
under the skin in the chest. A wire from the device is wound around the vagus nerve in
the neck.
Brain resection/corpus callosotomy-palliative surgical procedure for the treatment of
medically refractory epilepsy. In this procedure the corpus callosum is cut through in an
effort to limit the spread of epileptic activity between the two halves of the brain.
✔✔seizure phase Prodomal - ✔✔During the this stage some people can tell when a
seizure is on its way
Mood changes
Anxiety
Feeling lightheaded
Difficulty sleeping
Difficulty staying focused
Behavior changes.
✔✔Seizure Phases - ✔✔prodromal, aural, ictal, postictal
✔✔seizure phase ictal - ✔✔It's the time from the first symptom to the end of the seizure
activity
Loss of awareness
Memory lapse
Felling confused
Difficulty hearing
Odd smells, sounds or tastes
Difficulty speaking or saying strange words
Twitching
Loss of muscle control
Repeated movements (such as lip smacking or chewing)
Body convulsions
Racing heart
Trouble breathing
✔✔Seizure phase post ictal - ✔✔occurs after the active part of the seizure
recovery stage
physical after effects of the seizure are felt
, Some common signs of this phase include:
Confusion
Lack of consciousness
Tiredness (fatigue)
Exhaustion
Headache
Loss of bladder or bowel control
Fear and anxiety
Frustration
Shame or embarrassment
Thirst
Nausea
Sore muscles
Weakness in parts of the body
Injury (head, cuts, broken bones)
✔✔Multiple sclerosis patho - ✔✔demyelination and axonal nerve damage
✔✔MS aggravators - ✔✔fatigue
stress
overexertion
temperatures
✔✔MS physical assessment - ✔✔muscle weakness and spasticity
fatigue
intention tremor
dysmetria (inability to direct movement)
Numbnesss
ataxia-decreased coordination
dysarthria
dysphagia
diplopia
nystagmus
tinitius/hearing loss
cognitive changes
depression
✔✔MS Lab diagnostics - ✔✔CSF-elevated protein, myelin basic protein IgG bands
MRI-brain or spinal cord plaques
✔✔MS Drugs - ✔✔Preventative:
Avonex
Betaseron
Copaxon
Acute-steroids and baclofen
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Simple seizure - ✔✔A simple partial seizure will affect only one area of your brain. It
doesn't cause you to lose consciousness
✔✔Causes of seizures Primary - ✔✔idiopathic
genetic factors
✔✔Causes fo seizures secondary - ✔✔tumor or trauma
metabolic disroders
acute alchohol withdrawl
electrolyte imbalance
fever
stroke
TBI
substances
heart disease
✔✔Seizure Diagnostic testing - ✔✔EEG
CT/MRI
SPECT/PET
metabolic labs
✔✔seizure interventions medications Preventative - ✔✔Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek)
(most widely used)
• Fosphenytoin (Cerbryx)
• Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Tegretol XR, Tegretol-CR image, Carbatrol)
• Oxcarbazepine (Oxtellar, Trileptal)
• Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
• Valproic acid (Depakote, Depakoke ER, Epival image)
• Primidone (Mysoline)
• Gabapentin (Neurontin)
• Pregabalin (Lyrica)
• Levetiracetam (Keppra)
• Topiramate (Topamax)
• Ezogabine (Potiga) (first approved potassium channel opener drug approved for
adjunctive management of partial-onset seizures)
✔✔Seizure interventions prevent injury - ✔✔bring to floor
roll on side
clear objects away
observe and documetn
loosen clothing if restrictive
oral suction in mouth PRN
,✔✔Status epilepticus - ✔✔Seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or repeated seizures
over 30 min.
Medical emergency
give a benzodiazepine "pam"
IV phenytoin
✔✔Seizure surgcial management - ✔✔vagal nerve stimulation-prevents seizures by
sending regular, mild pulses of electrical energy to the brain via the vagus nerve. It is
sometimes referred to as a "pacemaker for the brain." A stimulator device is implanted
under the skin in the chest. A wire from the device is wound around the vagus nerve in
the neck.
Brain resection/corpus callosotomy-palliative surgical procedure for the treatment of
medically refractory epilepsy. In this procedure the corpus callosum is cut through in an
effort to limit the spread of epileptic activity between the two halves of the brain.
✔✔seizure phase Prodomal - ✔✔During the this stage some people can tell when a
seizure is on its way
Mood changes
Anxiety
Feeling lightheaded
Difficulty sleeping
Difficulty staying focused
Behavior changes.
✔✔Seizure Phases - ✔✔prodromal, aural, ictal, postictal
✔✔seizure phase ictal - ✔✔It's the time from the first symptom to the end of the seizure
activity
Loss of awareness
Memory lapse
Felling confused
Difficulty hearing
Odd smells, sounds or tastes
Difficulty speaking or saying strange words
Twitching
Loss of muscle control
Repeated movements (such as lip smacking or chewing)
Body convulsions
Racing heart
Trouble breathing
✔✔Seizure phase post ictal - ✔✔occurs after the active part of the seizure
recovery stage
physical after effects of the seizure are felt
, Some common signs of this phase include:
Confusion
Lack of consciousness
Tiredness (fatigue)
Exhaustion
Headache
Loss of bladder or bowel control
Fear and anxiety
Frustration
Shame or embarrassment
Thirst
Nausea
Sore muscles
Weakness in parts of the body
Injury (head, cuts, broken bones)
✔✔Multiple sclerosis patho - ✔✔demyelination and axonal nerve damage
✔✔MS aggravators - ✔✔fatigue
stress
overexertion
temperatures
✔✔MS physical assessment - ✔✔muscle weakness and spasticity
fatigue
intention tremor
dysmetria (inability to direct movement)
Numbnesss
ataxia-decreased coordination
dysarthria
dysphagia
diplopia
nystagmus
tinitius/hearing loss
cognitive changes
depression
✔✔MS Lab diagnostics - ✔✔CSF-elevated protein, myelin basic protein IgG bands
MRI-brain or spinal cord plaques
✔✔MS Drugs - ✔✔Preventative:
Avonex
Betaseron
Copaxon
Acute-steroids and baclofen
