MGMT 200 ACTUAL 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Nominal damages - ✔✔plaintiff proves only minimal loss or damage, or the court or
jury is unable to quantify the losses. Can be as low as $1.
✔✔Transferred intent - ✔✔A doctrine that allows the defendant to be held liable for an
intentional tort they intended to commit against A but instead, accidentally committed
against B. Between victims: Just bc I hit person B when I meant to hit A does not relieve
me of liability, I still meant to harm. Between torts: person B can sue me for battery,
while A can sue for assault bc they ducked and did not get hurt, only saw it.
✔✔Intent - ✔✔Desire that a result will occur or knowledge to a substantial certainty that
a result will occur. Variations: children, mental illness, transferred intent.
✔✔Intentional torts (civil court) - ✔✔To person: assault, battery, false imprisonment,
intentional infliction of emotional distress. To property: real property -> trespass to land,
personal property -> trespass to chattels and conversion.
✔✔Assault - ✔✔intentionally placing another in reasonable apprehension of an
imminent harmful or offensive touch w/o consent or privilege. Ex: they see it coming, it
isn't actually coming, physical contact not required.
✔✔Battery - ✔✔The intentional harmful or offensive touching of another person w/o
privilege. Ex: Actual touch is made, trivial touching of another person or clothing is
sufficient.
✔✔False imprisonment - ✔✔Intentional physical or psychological confinement of
another, within fixed boundaries for any period of time w/o consent or privilege. Has to
have no reasonable means of escape with awareness of confinement or physical injury.
✔✔Intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) - ✔✔conduct of an extreme and
outrageous nature which is intended to cause and which does cause severe emotional
distress. Has to be beyond the bonds tolerated by civilized society, distress is lasting
(not temp or minor), no transferred intent.
✔✔Trespass to land - ✔✔the intentional entry upon land in possession of another w/o
consent or privilege. Requires some tangible entry, mistake is no defense.
✔✔Trespass to chattel (minor) - ✔✔Minor intentional interference w/the personal
property of another w/o consent or privilege. Same as land (but abt personal property)-
chattel is personal stuff; phone, water bottle, etc.
✔✔Conversion (major) - ✔✔Major intentional interference w/the personal property of
another w/o consent or privilege. Mistake is no defense. Must have some major
, interference- more than minor or temporary -> damaged forever, taken. Damages: fair
market value at the time of conversion.
✔✔Defamation - ✔✔To establish a prima facie case: 1) plaintiff must prove the matter
false and 2) defamatory (harms or injures rep) 3) was published intentionally or
negligently by the defendant to a third person 4) it was about or concerning the plaintiff
(extrinsic facts ok) 5) caused damage
✔✔Defamation - slander - ✔✔Oral defamation. Plaintiff must prove actual special
damages (pecuniary). Once special damages are proven, general damages are also
recoverable.
✔✔Defamation - libel - ✔✔Written defamation. Plaintiff does not need to prove actual
special damages, general damages are presumed.
✔✔Defamation - Slander Per Se - ✔✔Oral defamation that concerns:
business/profession, serious crime, loathsome disease, unchastity. Plaintiff does not
need to prove actual special damages, general damages are presumed.
✔✔Defamation- constitutional - ✔✔If the defamation includes a "public" or "newsworthy"
ingredient (person or event), must consider constitutional requirement of actual malice
to recover damages. Actual malice (NYT v Sullivan): rule was knowledge of falsity or
reckless disregard for the truth. Types of damages depend on type of suit.
✔✔Invasion of privacy- false light - ✔✔Similar to defamation; widespread publication of
false info that is highly offensive to a reasonable person (vs defamation where it injures
rep and need not be widespread)
✔✔Invasion of privacy- public disclosure of private facts - ✔✔Publication of private non-
newsworthy facts (not necessarily false)
✔✔Invasion of privacy- commercial appropriation of identity - ✔✔Unauthorized use of
P's name/likeness for commercial purposes
✔✔Invasion of privacy- intrusion into private affairs - ✔✔Injection into area a reasonable
person would consider private
✔✔The Tort of Negligence - ✔✔Negligence is an unintentional tort that causes actual
harm. Rule: A defendant may be liable to a plaintiff for negligence if it can be
determined that 1) the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff, 2) the defendant
breached that duty, and the plaintiff suffered damages which were 3) actually and 4)
proximately caused by the defendant's breach.
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Nominal damages - ✔✔plaintiff proves only minimal loss or damage, or the court or
jury is unable to quantify the losses. Can be as low as $1.
✔✔Transferred intent - ✔✔A doctrine that allows the defendant to be held liable for an
intentional tort they intended to commit against A but instead, accidentally committed
against B. Between victims: Just bc I hit person B when I meant to hit A does not relieve
me of liability, I still meant to harm. Between torts: person B can sue me for battery,
while A can sue for assault bc they ducked and did not get hurt, only saw it.
✔✔Intent - ✔✔Desire that a result will occur or knowledge to a substantial certainty that
a result will occur. Variations: children, mental illness, transferred intent.
✔✔Intentional torts (civil court) - ✔✔To person: assault, battery, false imprisonment,
intentional infliction of emotional distress. To property: real property -> trespass to land,
personal property -> trespass to chattels and conversion.
✔✔Assault - ✔✔intentionally placing another in reasonable apprehension of an
imminent harmful or offensive touch w/o consent or privilege. Ex: they see it coming, it
isn't actually coming, physical contact not required.
✔✔Battery - ✔✔The intentional harmful or offensive touching of another person w/o
privilege. Ex: Actual touch is made, trivial touching of another person or clothing is
sufficient.
✔✔False imprisonment - ✔✔Intentional physical or psychological confinement of
another, within fixed boundaries for any period of time w/o consent or privilege. Has to
have no reasonable means of escape with awareness of confinement or physical injury.
✔✔Intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) - ✔✔conduct of an extreme and
outrageous nature which is intended to cause and which does cause severe emotional
distress. Has to be beyond the bonds tolerated by civilized society, distress is lasting
(not temp or minor), no transferred intent.
✔✔Trespass to land - ✔✔the intentional entry upon land in possession of another w/o
consent or privilege. Requires some tangible entry, mistake is no defense.
✔✔Trespass to chattel (minor) - ✔✔Minor intentional interference w/the personal
property of another w/o consent or privilege. Same as land (but abt personal property)-
chattel is personal stuff; phone, water bottle, etc.
✔✔Conversion (major) - ✔✔Major intentional interference w/the personal property of
another w/o consent or privilege. Mistake is no defense. Must have some major
, interference- more than minor or temporary -> damaged forever, taken. Damages: fair
market value at the time of conversion.
✔✔Defamation - ✔✔To establish a prima facie case: 1) plaintiff must prove the matter
false and 2) defamatory (harms or injures rep) 3) was published intentionally or
negligently by the defendant to a third person 4) it was about or concerning the plaintiff
(extrinsic facts ok) 5) caused damage
✔✔Defamation - slander - ✔✔Oral defamation. Plaintiff must prove actual special
damages (pecuniary). Once special damages are proven, general damages are also
recoverable.
✔✔Defamation - libel - ✔✔Written defamation. Plaintiff does not need to prove actual
special damages, general damages are presumed.
✔✔Defamation - Slander Per Se - ✔✔Oral defamation that concerns:
business/profession, serious crime, loathsome disease, unchastity. Plaintiff does not
need to prove actual special damages, general damages are presumed.
✔✔Defamation- constitutional - ✔✔If the defamation includes a "public" or "newsworthy"
ingredient (person or event), must consider constitutional requirement of actual malice
to recover damages. Actual malice (NYT v Sullivan): rule was knowledge of falsity or
reckless disregard for the truth. Types of damages depend on type of suit.
✔✔Invasion of privacy- false light - ✔✔Similar to defamation; widespread publication of
false info that is highly offensive to a reasonable person (vs defamation where it injures
rep and need not be widespread)
✔✔Invasion of privacy- public disclosure of private facts - ✔✔Publication of private non-
newsworthy facts (not necessarily false)
✔✔Invasion of privacy- commercial appropriation of identity - ✔✔Unauthorized use of
P's name/likeness for commercial purposes
✔✔Invasion of privacy- intrusion into private affairs - ✔✔Injection into area a reasonable
person would consider private
✔✔The Tort of Negligence - ✔✔Negligence is an unintentional tort that causes actual
harm. Rule: A defendant may be liable to a plaintiff for negligence if it can be
determined that 1) the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff, 2) the defendant
breached that duty, and the plaintiff suffered damages which were 3) actually and 4)
proximately caused by the defendant's breach.
