BIO 102 Final Exam Questions and Verified
Answers | Latest Update (Graded A+) - Portage
Learning
How might this type of interaction affect the commercial potential of this fungal
treatment for growing crops? - ANSWER -This type of interaction, observed
through a commercial setting, could severely affect the health of a growing crop.
The pathological fungi hold the means to develop a parasitic relationship with the
crop, leading to the loss of crop nutrients. Since the fungi would consume all of the
nutrients available within the crop, the commercial advancements would lose a lot
of money. The deterioration of these crops would affect farmers and foresters, with
the potential to become harmful to humans.
Select the synapomorphy(ies) of mammals from the following list: - ANSWER --
Presence of hair/fur
- Lactation
**Lactation and fur (and 3 middle ear bones) are present in all the animals we call
mammals - birds are also warm blooded, some mammals lay eggs.
Which of the following animals are descended from an ancestor that posessed an
amniotic egg? Select all correct. - ANSWER -- Chicken
- Dolphin
- Horse
- Snake
**All modern mammals and "reptiles" (including birds) are amniotes.
The Tasmanian wolf (a marsupial found in Australia) and the Grey wolf (a
placental mammal) share similar physical features and habits because they are
closely related species - ANSWER -False
,Dolphins are more closely related to ground hogs than ground hogs are related to
wombats (a marsupial mammal) - ANSWER -True
All chordates are vertebrates - ANSWER -False
Convergent evolution is the term describing the evolution of similar traits and
habits in distantly related species due to similar selective pressures - ANSWER -
True
Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly. Researchers
studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in
animals from many other phyla as well, supporting the hypothesis that all animal
appendages may be homologous. However, suppose researchers looking at Dll
activity had instead found the results shown in the figure. What would these results
suggest? See phylogeny below for assistance in ANSWERing - ANSWER -
Appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes.
**If Dll is not expressed in the developing appendages of chordates or
echinoderms, but it is expressed in mollusks, annelids and arthropods, it appears
that Dll is only active in the development of appendages in protostomes, but not
deuterostomes (to which echinoderms and chordates belong) -- these data would
suggest that appendages evolved separately in these two groups. But - again this is
not the actual data, and appendage formation and the genes that control it appear to
be deeply homologous in the bilaterians.
The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history,
resulting in two main subgroups-Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this
finding suggest - ANSWER -Division of these two groups occurred after the
protostome developmental sequence appeared.
**It appears that the protostome form of embryonic development appeared once,
and prior to the split between the ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans. It doesn't
imply anything about the lineages within these two subgroups.
Which of the following is NOT a tetrapod? - ANSWER -Lungfish
,**Lungfish are the closest relatives to all tetrapods, but are not tetrapods
themselves.
Which of the following is a correct statement about the evolutionary relationships
among vertebrates? - ANSWER -Mammals and snakes are more closely related to
each other than either are to amphibians
**Snakes and mammals are both amniotes, unlike amphibians
When Charles Darwin considered some of the unique structures found in modern
animals, like the feathered wings of birds, he famously proposed that modern
animals must have evolved from earlier forms that lacked those structures.
Following this proposal, what did Darwin predict would be found in fossils/the
fossil record? - ANSWER -He proposed that within the deep roots of Earth, there
remains fossils that connect one major group of animals to others. These
"transitional fossils would be intermediate in form between earlier and later
groups" (Biointeractive 0:48-1:10 ). What makes this prediction remarkable is that
during that time, there was no trace of such fossils on Earth.
List two pieces of evidence that suggest all tetrapods shared a single common
ancestor (are monophyletic). - ANSWER -All tetrapod limbs have an arrangement
of
- one bone, two bones, many bones, and digits.
Despite their distinguished, outer, appearance fish and tetrapods are very similar.
- Among being the members of vertebrates, they share comparable features within
their embryos.
- DNA analysis proves that fish are tetrapods' nearest relatives.This -> further
confirms that four-legged animals did come from fish.
You often hear versions of the following statement "If tetrapods evolved from
fish, why are there still fish?" Explain what the underlying problem with this
statement is. What would you say to someone who asked this question? -
ANSWER -The problem here is that evolution did not solely take place to expand
, on the species of Earth. To create a vast, complex, world, the fish species had to
persist to assist the ecosystem and survivability chances on Earth. Humans and fish
use to share a common ancestor, now extinct. The fish, who survive in springs,
lakes, and oceans, still exist because the environments that support them have been
around for millions of years. Hence, they are susceptible to expanding their
species.
Which of the following are negative physiological feedback loops? - ANSWER --
Osmoregulation in mammals
- Thermoregulation in mammals
- pH maintenance in animal cells
**labor/birth and action potentials are examples of positive feedback mechanisms.
Which of the following can serve as an "effector" in physiological feedback loops
in animals? - ANSWER -a gland
**a gland can effect a change (secreting sweat, hormones, milk, etc). All the rest
are either integrators (brain/spinal cord) or receptors (smell receptors
Which of the following are general tissue types found in adult mammals? Select
all correct - ANSWER -- Connective
- Nervous
- Epithelial
- Muscle
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function are organized into -
ANSWER -tissues
Select all of the following that are types of muscle tissue - ANSWER -- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
Which of the following would serve as an integrator in a feedback loop? -
ANSWER -brain
Answers | Latest Update (Graded A+) - Portage
Learning
How might this type of interaction affect the commercial potential of this fungal
treatment for growing crops? - ANSWER -This type of interaction, observed
through a commercial setting, could severely affect the health of a growing crop.
The pathological fungi hold the means to develop a parasitic relationship with the
crop, leading to the loss of crop nutrients. Since the fungi would consume all of the
nutrients available within the crop, the commercial advancements would lose a lot
of money. The deterioration of these crops would affect farmers and foresters, with
the potential to become harmful to humans.
Select the synapomorphy(ies) of mammals from the following list: - ANSWER --
Presence of hair/fur
- Lactation
**Lactation and fur (and 3 middle ear bones) are present in all the animals we call
mammals - birds are also warm blooded, some mammals lay eggs.
Which of the following animals are descended from an ancestor that posessed an
amniotic egg? Select all correct. - ANSWER -- Chicken
- Dolphin
- Horse
- Snake
**All modern mammals and "reptiles" (including birds) are amniotes.
The Tasmanian wolf (a marsupial found in Australia) and the Grey wolf (a
placental mammal) share similar physical features and habits because they are
closely related species - ANSWER -False
,Dolphins are more closely related to ground hogs than ground hogs are related to
wombats (a marsupial mammal) - ANSWER -True
All chordates are vertebrates - ANSWER -False
Convergent evolution is the term describing the evolution of similar traits and
habits in distantly related species due to similar selective pressures - ANSWER -
True
Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly. Researchers
studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in
animals from many other phyla as well, supporting the hypothesis that all animal
appendages may be homologous. However, suppose researchers looking at Dll
activity had instead found the results shown in the figure. What would these results
suggest? See phylogeny below for assistance in ANSWERing - ANSWER -
Appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes.
**If Dll is not expressed in the developing appendages of chordates or
echinoderms, but it is expressed in mollusks, annelids and arthropods, it appears
that Dll is only active in the development of appendages in protostomes, but not
deuterostomes (to which echinoderms and chordates belong) -- these data would
suggest that appendages evolved separately in these two groups. But - again this is
not the actual data, and appendage formation and the genes that control it appear to
be deeply homologous in the bilaterians.
The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history,
resulting in two main subgroups-Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this
finding suggest - ANSWER -Division of these two groups occurred after the
protostome developmental sequence appeared.
**It appears that the protostome form of embryonic development appeared once,
and prior to the split between the ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans. It doesn't
imply anything about the lineages within these two subgroups.
Which of the following is NOT a tetrapod? - ANSWER -Lungfish
,**Lungfish are the closest relatives to all tetrapods, but are not tetrapods
themselves.
Which of the following is a correct statement about the evolutionary relationships
among vertebrates? - ANSWER -Mammals and snakes are more closely related to
each other than either are to amphibians
**Snakes and mammals are both amniotes, unlike amphibians
When Charles Darwin considered some of the unique structures found in modern
animals, like the feathered wings of birds, he famously proposed that modern
animals must have evolved from earlier forms that lacked those structures.
Following this proposal, what did Darwin predict would be found in fossils/the
fossil record? - ANSWER -He proposed that within the deep roots of Earth, there
remains fossils that connect one major group of animals to others. These
"transitional fossils would be intermediate in form between earlier and later
groups" (Biointeractive 0:48-1:10 ). What makes this prediction remarkable is that
during that time, there was no trace of such fossils on Earth.
List two pieces of evidence that suggest all tetrapods shared a single common
ancestor (are monophyletic). - ANSWER -All tetrapod limbs have an arrangement
of
- one bone, two bones, many bones, and digits.
Despite their distinguished, outer, appearance fish and tetrapods are very similar.
- Among being the members of vertebrates, they share comparable features within
their embryos.
- DNA analysis proves that fish are tetrapods' nearest relatives.This -> further
confirms that four-legged animals did come from fish.
You often hear versions of the following statement "If tetrapods evolved from
fish, why are there still fish?" Explain what the underlying problem with this
statement is. What would you say to someone who asked this question? -
ANSWER -The problem here is that evolution did not solely take place to expand
, on the species of Earth. To create a vast, complex, world, the fish species had to
persist to assist the ecosystem and survivability chances on Earth. Humans and fish
use to share a common ancestor, now extinct. The fish, who survive in springs,
lakes, and oceans, still exist because the environments that support them have been
around for millions of years. Hence, they are susceptible to expanding their
species.
Which of the following are negative physiological feedback loops? - ANSWER --
Osmoregulation in mammals
- Thermoregulation in mammals
- pH maintenance in animal cells
**labor/birth and action potentials are examples of positive feedback mechanisms.
Which of the following can serve as an "effector" in physiological feedback loops
in animals? - ANSWER -a gland
**a gland can effect a change (secreting sweat, hormones, milk, etc). All the rest
are either integrators (brain/spinal cord) or receptors (smell receptors
Which of the following are general tissue types found in adult mammals? Select
all correct - ANSWER -- Connective
- Nervous
- Epithelial
- Muscle
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function are organized into -
ANSWER -tissues
Select all of the following that are types of muscle tissue - ANSWER -- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
Which of the following would serve as an integrator in a feedback loop? -
ANSWER -brain
