MKTG 367 MAIN EXAMINATION 2026 SET QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔outshopping - ✔✔the act of shopping in a city or town to which consumers must
travel rather than in their own hometowns
✔✔online outshopping - ✔✔consumers seeking out retailers in foreign countries as a
means of obtaining products otherwise unavailable and a novel customer experience
✔✔reversal theory - ✔✔tries to explain how environmental elements can led to near-
180 changes in shopping orientation
✔✔personal shopping value (PSV) - ✔✔overall subjective worth of a shopping activity
considering all the associated costs and benefits
✔✔utilitarian shopping value - ✔✔worth obtained because some shopping task or job is
completed successfully
✔✔hedonic shopping value - ✔✔worth of shopping activity because the time spent
doing the activity itself is personally gratifying
✔✔functional quality - ✔✔the retail positioning that emphasizes tangible things like a
wide selection of goods, low prices, guarantees, and knowledgeable employees
✔✔affective quality - ✔✔retail positioning that emphasizes a unique environment,
exciting decor, friendly employees, and, in general, the feelings experienced in a retail
place
✔✔retail personality - ✔✔the way a retail store is defined i the mind of a shopper based
on the combination of functional and affective qualities
✔✔impulsive consumption - ✔✔the consumption acts characterized by spontaneity, a
diminished regard for consequences, and a need for self-fulfillment
✔✔unplanned shopping - ✔✔shares some but not all of the characteristics of truly
impulsive consumer behavior; being characterized by situational memory, a utilitarian
orientation, and feelings of spontaneity
✔✔impulsivity - ✔✔personality trait that represents how sensitive a consumer is to
immediate rewards
✔✔consumer self-regulation - ✔✔the tendency for consumers to inhibit outside, or
situational, influences from interfering with shopping intentions
, ✔✔action-oriented - ✔✔high capacity to self-regulate behavior
✔✔state-oriented - ✔✔low capacity to self-regulate behavior
✔✔compulsive vs impulsive behavior - ✔✔compulsive CB is harmful, uncontrollable,
and often driven by chronic depression
✔✔atmospherics - ✔✔the emotional nature of an environment or the feeling created by
the total aura of physical environment
✔✔servicescape - ✔✔the physical environment in which consumer services are
performed
✔✔fit - ✔✔how appropriate the elements of an environment are for a given environment
based on their match with the place-type schema
✔✔congruity - ✔✔amount of consistency of elements with each other in a given
environment
✔✔olfactory - ✔✔physical and psychological processing of smells
✔✔foreground music - ✔✔music that becomes the focal point of attention and can have
strong effects on the consumer's willingness to approach or avoid an environment
✔✔background music - ✔✔played just below the audible threshold that would make it
the center of attention
✔✔crowding - ✔✔the density of people and objects within a given space
✔✔shopper density - ✔✔number of consumers in a given place
✔✔nonlinear effect - ✔✔a plot of effect that does not make a straight line
✔✔source attractiveness - ✔✔the degree to which a source's physical appearance
matches a prototype for beauty and elicits a favorable or desirous response
✔✔emotional ability - ✔✔capability of a salesperson to convey emotional info to shape
more valuable outcome for consumers
✔✔social comparison - ✔✔a naturally occurring mental personal comparison of the self
with a target individual within the environment
✔✔antecedent conditions - ✔✔situational characteristics that a consumer brings to info
processing
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔outshopping - ✔✔the act of shopping in a city or town to which consumers must
travel rather than in their own hometowns
✔✔online outshopping - ✔✔consumers seeking out retailers in foreign countries as a
means of obtaining products otherwise unavailable and a novel customer experience
✔✔reversal theory - ✔✔tries to explain how environmental elements can led to near-
180 changes in shopping orientation
✔✔personal shopping value (PSV) - ✔✔overall subjective worth of a shopping activity
considering all the associated costs and benefits
✔✔utilitarian shopping value - ✔✔worth obtained because some shopping task or job is
completed successfully
✔✔hedonic shopping value - ✔✔worth of shopping activity because the time spent
doing the activity itself is personally gratifying
✔✔functional quality - ✔✔the retail positioning that emphasizes tangible things like a
wide selection of goods, low prices, guarantees, and knowledgeable employees
✔✔affective quality - ✔✔retail positioning that emphasizes a unique environment,
exciting decor, friendly employees, and, in general, the feelings experienced in a retail
place
✔✔retail personality - ✔✔the way a retail store is defined i the mind of a shopper based
on the combination of functional and affective qualities
✔✔impulsive consumption - ✔✔the consumption acts characterized by spontaneity, a
diminished regard for consequences, and a need for self-fulfillment
✔✔unplanned shopping - ✔✔shares some but not all of the characteristics of truly
impulsive consumer behavior; being characterized by situational memory, a utilitarian
orientation, and feelings of spontaneity
✔✔impulsivity - ✔✔personality trait that represents how sensitive a consumer is to
immediate rewards
✔✔consumer self-regulation - ✔✔the tendency for consumers to inhibit outside, or
situational, influences from interfering with shopping intentions
, ✔✔action-oriented - ✔✔high capacity to self-regulate behavior
✔✔state-oriented - ✔✔low capacity to self-regulate behavior
✔✔compulsive vs impulsive behavior - ✔✔compulsive CB is harmful, uncontrollable,
and often driven by chronic depression
✔✔atmospherics - ✔✔the emotional nature of an environment or the feeling created by
the total aura of physical environment
✔✔servicescape - ✔✔the physical environment in which consumer services are
performed
✔✔fit - ✔✔how appropriate the elements of an environment are for a given environment
based on their match with the place-type schema
✔✔congruity - ✔✔amount of consistency of elements with each other in a given
environment
✔✔olfactory - ✔✔physical and psychological processing of smells
✔✔foreground music - ✔✔music that becomes the focal point of attention and can have
strong effects on the consumer's willingness to approach or avoid an environment
✔✔background music - ✔✔played just below the audible threshold that would make it
the center of attention
✔✔crowding - ✔✔the density of people and objects within a given space
✔✔shopper density - ✔✔number of consumers in a given place
✔✔nonlinear effect - ✔✔a plot of effect that does not make a straight line
✔✔source attractiveness - ✔✔the degree to which a source's physical appearance
matches a prototype for beauty and elicits a favorable or desirous response
✔✔emotional ability - ✔✔capability of a salesperson to convey emotional info to shape
more valuable outcome for consumers
✔✔social comparison - ✔✔a naturally occurring mental personal comparison of the self
with a target individual within the environment
✔✔antecedent conditions - ✔✔situational characteristics that a consumer brings to info
processing
