Atrophy ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,Cells ,decrease ,in ,size
m m m m m m m m
P. ,Still ,functional; ,imbalance ,between ,protein ,synthesis ,and ,degradation. ,Essentially ,there ,is ,an
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,increase ,in ,the ,catabolism ,of ,intracellular ,organelles, ,reducing ,structural ,components ,of ,cell
m m m m m m m m m m m m
Physiologic: ,thymus ,gland ,in ,early ,childhood
m m m m m
Pathological: ,disuse ,(muscle ,atrophy ,d/ ,decrease ,workload, ,pressure, ,use, ,blood ,supply,
m m m m m m m m m m
,nutrition, ,hormonal ,stimulation, ,or ,nervous ,stimulation)
m m m m m m
Hyperplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E: ,cells ,increase ,in ,number, ,mitosis ,(cell ,division) ,must ,occur,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,size ,of ,cell ,does ,not ,change ,
m m m m m m m
Phys: ,increased ,rate ,of ,division, ,increase ,in ,tissue ,mass ,after ,damage ,or ,partial ,resection; ,may
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,be ,compensatory, ,hormonal, ,or ,pathologic
m m m m m
Patho: ,abnormal ,proliferation ,of ,normal ,cells ,usually ,caused ,by ,increased ,hormonal
m m m m m m m m m m
,stimulation ,(endometrial). ,increase ,of ,production ,of ,local ,growth ,factors
m m m m m m m m m
Ex: ,removal ,of ,part ,of ,the ,liver ,lead ,to ,hyperplasia ,of ,hepatocytes. ,uterine ,or ,mammary ,gland
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,enlargement ,during ,pregnancy
m m m
Dysplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,Not ,true ,adaptation; ,Cells ,abnormal ,change ,in ,size, ,shape,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,organization ,(classified ,as ,mild, ,moderate, ,severe)
m m m m m m
P. ,caused ,by ,cell ,injury/irritation, ,characterized ,by ,disordered ,cell ,growth. ,aka ,atypical
m m m m m m m m m m m
,hyperplasia ,or ,pre-cancer, ,a ,disorderly ,proliferation
m m m m m m
Physiologic: ,N/A m
,Pathologic: ,squamous ,dysplasia ,of ,cervix ,from ,HPV ,shows ,up ,on ,pap ,smear, ,breast ,cancer
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,development; ,pap ,smears ,often ,show ,dysplastic ,cells ,of ,the ,cervix ,that ,must ,undergo
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,laser/surgical ,tx
m m
Metaplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E: ,reversible ,change, ,one ,type ,of ,cell ,changes ,to ,another ,type
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,for ,survival ,
m m m
P: ,reversible; ,results ,from ,exposure ,of ,the ,cells ,to ,chronic ,stressors, ,injury, ,or ,irritation;
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,Cancer ,can ,arise ,from ,this ,area, ,stimulus ,induces ,a ,reprogramming ,of ,stem ,cells ,under ,the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,influence ,of ,cytokines ,and ,growth ,factors ,
m m m m m m m
Ex: ,Patho: ,Columnar ,cells ,change ,to ,squamous ,cells ,in ,lungs ,of ,smoker ,or ,normal ,ciliated
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,epithelial ,cells ,of ,the ,bronchial ,linings ,are ,replaced ,by ,stratified ,squamous ,epithelial ,cells.;
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,Phys: ,Barrett ,Esophagus- ,normal ,squamous ,cells ,change ,to ,columnar ,epithelial ,cells ,in
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,response ,to ,reflux, ,aka ,intestinal ,metaplasia
m m m m m m
Hypoxia ,injury ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,inadequate ,oxygenation ,of ,tissues
m m m m m m m m m
P. ,decrease ,in ,mitochondrial ,function, ,decreased ,production ,of ,ATP ,increases ,anaerobic
m m m m m m m m m m
,metabolism. ,eventual ,cell ,death.
m m m m
C.M. ,hypoxia, ,cyanosis, ,cognitive ,impairment, ,lethargy
m m m m m
Free ,radical ,and ,ROS ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,normal ,byproduct ,of ,ATP ,production, ,will
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,overwhelm ,the ,mitochondria- ,exhaust ,intracellular ,antioxidants
m m m m m m
P. ,lipid ,peroxidation, ,damage ,proteins, ,fragment ,DNA
m m m m m m
C.M. ,development ,in ,Alzheimer's, ,heart ,disease, ,Parkinson's ,disease, ,Amyotrophic ,Lateral
m m m m m m m m m
,Sclerosis
m
Ethanol ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,mood ,altering ,drug, ,long ,term ,effects ,on ,liver ,and ,nutritional
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,status
m
P. ,metabolized ,by ,liver, ,generates ,free ,radicals
m m m m m m
C.M. ,CNS ,depression, ,nutrient ,deficiencies-Mag, ,Vit ,B6, ,thiamine, ,PO4, ,inflammation ,and ,fatty
m m m m m m m m m m m
,infiltration ,of ,liver, ,hepatomegaly, ,leads ,to ,liver ,failure ,irreversible
m m m m m m m m m
Oncosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Na ,and ,H2O ,enter ,cell ,and ,cause ,swelling. ,Organ ,increases ,in
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,weight, ,becomes ,distended ,and ,pale. ,Associated ,with ,high ,fever, ,hypocalcemia, ,certain
m m m m m m m m m m m
,infections
m
Fatty ,Infiltration ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-intracellular ,accumulation ,of ,lipids ,in ,the ,liver
m m m m m m m m m m m
liver ,fails ,to ,metabolize ,lipids. ,usually ,from ,ETOH ,or ,high ,fat ,diet. ,can ,lead ,to ,cirrhosis
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
dystrophic ,calcification ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-accumulation ,of ,Ca ,in ,dead ,or ,dying ,tissues
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,calcium ,salt ,clump ,and ,harden- ,interfere ,with ,cellular ,structure ,and ,function
m m m m m m m m m m
r/t ,pulmonary ,TB, ,atherosclerosis, ,injured ,heart ,valves, ,chronic ,pancreatitis
m m m m m m m m
metastatic ,calcification ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-accumulation ,of ,Ca ,in ,normal ,tissue
m m m m m m m m m m
result ,of ,hypercalcemia ,r/t ,hyperparathyroidism, ,hyperthyroidism, ,toxic ,levels ,of ,Vit ,D. ,Can
m m m m m m m m m m m
,also ,r/t ,hyperphosphatemia ,in ,renal ,failure
m m m m m m
urate ,accumulation ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-sodium ,urate ,crystals ,are ,deposited ,in ,tissues- ,group ,of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,disorders ,collectively ,called ,gout- ,acute ,arthritis, ,chronic ,gouty ,arthritis, ,tophus, ,nephritis
m m m m m m m m m m m
Coagulative ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-kidneys, ,heart, ,adrenals- ,secondary ,to ,hypoxia
m m m m m m m m m m
Liquefactive ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-nerve ,cells- ,brain- ,accumulation ,of ,pus
m m m m m m m m m m
Caseous ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-lung ,disease- ,usually ,TB- ,tissue ,looks ,like ,clumped
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,cheese
m
Fat ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-breast, ,pancreas, ,abdominal ,structures- ,creates ,soaps
m m m m m m m m m m
Gangrenous ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Dry- ,dark ,shriveled ,skin
m m m m m m m m
Wet- ,internal ,organs- ,can ,lead ,to ,death
m m m m m m
Gas- ,from ,clostridium- ,antitoxins ,and ,hyperbaric ,therapy
m m m m m m
Gout ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,disturbances ,in ,serum ,urate ,levels. ,uncommon ,for ,< ,30 ,years ,old. ,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
P. ,uric ,acid ,is ,deposited ,in ,the ,tissues ,of ,kidney, ,heart, ,earlobes, ,and ,joints. ,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
C.M. ,inflammation, ,painful ,joints. ,result ,of ,diuretic ,use ,or ,diet ,high ,in ,cream ,sauces, ,red ,wine,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,or ,red ,meat
m m m
Rhabdomyolysis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,cell ,hypoxia ,caused ,by ,severe ,muscle ,trauma,
m m m m m m m m m m m
,hyperthermia, ,crush ,injuries, ,or ,severe ,dehydration
m m m m m m
P. ,hypoxia ,to ,cell ,causes ,failure ,of ,the ,Na-K ,pump, ,causing ,accumulation ,of ,intracellular
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,sodium, ,oncosis, ,and ,eventual ,cell ,death. ,Cell ,death ,releases ,enzymes ,such ,as ,CK, ,uric ,acid,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,LDH, ,AST, ,etc.
m m m
C.M. ,Causes: ,trauma, ,hyperthermia, ,crush ,injuries, ,severe ,dehydration; ,s/s: ,CK ,is ,5x ,upper
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,normal ,limit, ,muscle ,pain, ,weakness, ,dark, ,reddish-brown ,urine, ,hypercalcemia, ,renal ,failure
m m m m m m m m m m m
Alpha ,Fetoprotein ,Origin ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver ,and ,germ ,cell ,tumors
m m m m m m m m m m
Carcinoembryonic ,Antigen ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-GI, ,pancreas, ,lung, ,breast ,tumors m m m m m m m m m
Prostate ,Specific ,Antigen ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-prostate ,tumors
m m m m m m m
, Carcino- ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-from ,epithelial ,tissue- ,renal ,cell ,carcinoma
m m m m m m m m m
Sarco- ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-from ,connective ,tissue- ,chondrosarcoma
m m m m m m m
Carcinoma ,in ,situ ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-preinvasive ,epithelial ,malignant ,tumors ,of ,glandular ,or
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,squamous ,cells- ,cervix
m m m
Lung ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Multiple ,organs ,including ,brain
m m m m m m m m m
Colorectal ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,lungs
m m m m m m m
Testicular ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,lungs, ,brain
m m m m m m m m
Prostate ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Bones ,(especially ,lumbar ,spine), ,liver
m m m m m m m m m m
Head ,and ,neck ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,bones, ,lymphatics
m m m m m m m m m m
Ovarian ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Peritoneal ,surfaces, ,diaphragm, ,omentum, ,liver
m m m m m m m m m m
Sarcoma ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Lungs
m m m m m
Melanoma ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-In ,transit ,lymphatics, ,lung, ,liver, ,brain, ,GI ,tract
m m m m m m m m m m m m
Mechanisms ,of ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Local ,invasion, ,followed ,by ,invasion ,of
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,surrounding ,tissues. ,Cells ,then ,may ,invade ,blood ,and ,lymphatic ,vessels. ,They ,must ,survive ,in
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,circulation, ,then ,enter ,and ,survive ,in ,a ,new ,location. ,Then ,the ,cells ,can ,multiply ,and ,form ,a
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,new ,tumor.
m m
TNM ,staging ,system ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-T= ,tumor ,size ,>/= ,correlates ,with ,metastatic ,ability ,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
N= ,whether ,lymph ,nodes ,are ,involved ,
m m m m m m
M= ,extra ,nodal ,involvement ,(liver, ,lungs)
m m m m m
Intravascular ,fluid ,compartment ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-In ,venous ,system- ,20%
m m m m m m m m m
Osmolality ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-The ,measure ,of ,solute ,concentration ,in ,a ,fluid. ,
m m m m m m m m m m m m
280-295 ,mOsm m
Interstitial ,fluid ,compartment ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Surrounds ,the ,cells ,and ,bathes ,them ,in
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,nutrients- ,20%
m m
Intracellular ,fluid ,compartment ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Within ,the ,cells- ,40% ,uk
m m m m m m m m m m
Osmosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Passive- ,the ,movement ,of ,water ,from ,an ,area ,of ,low
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,concentration ,of ,solute ,to ,one ,of ,higher ,concentration
m m m m m m m m
Osmotic ,pressure ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Pulling- ,the ,amount ,of ,pressure ,or ,force ,that ,is ,exerted
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,by ,solute ,molecules ,of ,a ,given ,compartment
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
P. ,Still ,functional; ,imbalance ,between ,protein ,synthesis ,and ,degradation. ,Essentially ,there ,is ,an
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,increase ,in ,the ,catabolism ,of ,intracellular ,organelles, ,reducing ,structural ,components ,of ,cell
m m m m m m m m m m m m
Physiologic: ,thymus ,gland ,in ,early ,childhood
m m m m m
Pathological: ,disuse ,(muscle ,atrophy ,d/ ,decrease ,workload, ,pressure, ,use, ,blood ,supply,
m m m m m m m m m m
,nutrition, ,hormonal ,stimulation, ,or ,nervous ,stimulation)
m m m m m m
Hyperplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E: ,cells ,increase ,in ,number, ,mitosis ,(cell ,division) ,must ,occur,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,size ,of ,cell ,does ,not ,change ,
m m m m m m m
Phys: ,increased ,rate ,of ,division, ,increase ,in ,tissue ,mass ,after ,damage ,or ,partial ,resection; ,may
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,be ,compensatory, ,hormonal, ,or ,pathologic
m m m m m
Patho: ,abnormal ,proliferation ,of ,normal ,cells ,usually ,caused ,by ,increased ,hormonal
m m m m m m m m m m
,stimulation ,(endometrial). ,increase ,of ,production ,of ,local ,growth ,factors
m m m m m m m m m
Ex: ,removal ,of ,part ,of ,the ,liver ,lead ,to ,hyperplasia ,of ,hepatocytes. ,uterine ,or ,mammary ,gland
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,enlargement ,during ,pregnancy
m m m
Dysplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,Not ,true ,adaptation; ,Cells ,abnormal ,change ,in ,size, ,shape,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,organization ,(classified ,as ,mild, ,moderate, ,severe)
m m m m m m
P. ,caused ,by ,cell ,injury/irritation, ,characterized ,by ,disordered ,cell ,growth. ,aka ,atypical
m m m m m m m m m m m
,hyperplasia ,or ,pre-cancer, ,a ,disorderly ,proliferation
m m m m m m
Physiologic: ,N/A m
,Pathologic: ,squamous ,dysplasia ,of ,cervix ,from ,HPV ,shows ,up ,on ,pap ,smear, ,breast ,cancer
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,development; ,pap ,smears ,often ,show ,dysplastic ,cells ,of ,the ,cervix ,that ,must ,undergo
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,laser/surgical ,tx
m m
Metaplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E: ,reversible ,change, ,one ,type ,of ,cell ,changes ,to ,another ,type
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,for ,survival ,
m m m
P: ,reversible; ,results ,from ,exposure ,of ,the ,cells ,to ,chronic ,stressors, ,injury, ,or ,irritation;
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,Cancer ,can ,arise ,from ,this ,area, ,stimulus ,induces ,a ,reprogramming ,of ,stem ,cells ,under ,the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,influence ,of ,cytokines ,and ,growth ,factors ,
m m m m m m m
Ex: ,Patho: ,Columnar ,cells ,change ,to ,squamous ,cells ,in ,lungs ,of ,smoker ,or ,normal ,ciliated
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,epithelial ,cells ,of ,the ,bronchial ,linings ,are ,replaced ,by ,stratified ,squamous ,epithelial ,cells.;
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,Phys: ,Barrett ,Esophagus- ,normal ,squamous ,cells ,change ,to ,columnar ,epithelial ,cells ,in
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,response ,to ,reflux, ,aka ,intestinal ,metaplasia
m m m m m m
Hypoxia ,injury ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,inadequate ,oxygenation ,of ,tissues
m m m m m m m m m
P. ,decrease ,in ,mitochondrial ,function, ,decreased ,production ,of ,ATP ,increases ,anaerobic
m m m m m m m m m m
,metabolism. ,eventual ,cell ,death.
m m m m
C.M. ,hypoxia, ,cyanosis, ,cognitive ,impairment, ,lethargy
m m m m m
Free ,radical ,and ,ROS ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,normal ,byproduct ,of ,ATP ,production, ,will
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,overwhelm ,the ,mitochondria- ,exhaust ,intracellular ,antioxidants
m m m m m m
P. ,lipid ,peroxidation, ,damage ,proteins, ,fragment ,DNA
m m m m m m
C.M. ,development ,in ,Alzheimer's, ,heart ,disease, ,Parkinson's ,disease, ,Amyotrophic ,Lateral
m m m m m m m m m
,Sclerosis
m
Ethanol ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,mood ,altering ,drug, ,long ,term ,effects ,on ,liver ,and ,nutritional
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,status
m
P. ,metabolized ,by ,liver, ,generates ,free ,radicals
m m m m m m
C.M. ,CNS ,depression, ,nutrient ,deficiencies-Mag, ,Vit ,B6, ,thiamine, ,PO4, ,inflammation ,and ,fatty
m m m m m m m m m m m
,infiltration ,of ,liver, ,hepatomegaly, ,leads ,to ,liver ,failure ,irreversible
m m m m m m m m m
Oncosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Na ,and ,H2O ,enter ,cell ,and ,cause ,swelling. ,Organ ,increases ,in
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,weight, ,becomes ,distended ,and ,pale. ,Associated ,with ,high ,fever, ,hypocalcemia, ,certain
m m m m m m m m m m m
,infections
m
Fatty ,Infiltration ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-intracellular ,accumulation ,of ,lipids ,in ,the ,liver
m m m m m m m m m m m
liver ,fails ,to ,metabolize ,lipids. ,usually ,from ,ETOH ,or ,high ,fat ,diet. ,can ,lead ,to ,cirrhosis
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
dystrophic ,calcification ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-accumulation ,of ,Ca ,in ,dead ,or ,dying ,tissues
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,calcium ,salt ,clump ,and ,harden- ,interfere ,with ,cellular ,structure ,and ,function
m m m m m m m m m m
r/t ,pulmonary ,TB, ,atherosclerosis, ,injured ,heart ,valves, ,chronic ,pancreatitis
m m m m m m m m
metastatic ,calcification ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-accumulation ,of ,Ca ,in ,normal ,tissue
m m m m m m m m m m
result ,of ,hypercalcemia ,r/t ,hyperparathyroidism, ,hyperthyroidism, ,toxic ,levels ,of ,Vit ,D. ,Can
m m m m m m m m m m m
,also ,r/t ,hyperphosphatemia ,in ,renal ,failure
m m m m m m
urate ,accumulation ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-sodium ,urate ,crystals ,are ,deposited ,in ,tissues- ,group ,of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,disorders ,collectively ,called ,gout- ,acute ,arthritis, ,chronic ,gouty ,arthritis, ,tophus, ,nephritis
m m m m m m m m m m m
Coagulative ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-kidneys, ,heart, ,adrenals- ,secondary ,to ,hypoxia
m m m m m m m m m m
Liquefactive ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-nerve ,cells- ,brain- ,accumulation ,of ,pus
m m m m m m m m m m
Caseous ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-lung ,disease- ,usually ,TB- ,tissue ,looks ,like ,clumped
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,cheese
m
Fat ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-breast, ,pancreas, ,abdominal ,structures- ,creates ,soaps
m m m m m m m m m m
Gangrenous ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Dry- ,dark ,shriveled ,skin
m m m m m m m m
Wet- ,internal ,organs- ,can ,lead ,to ,death
m m m m m m
Gas- ,from ,clostridium- ,antitoxins ,and ,hyperbaric ,therapy
m m m m m m
Gout ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,disturbances ,in ,serum ,urate ,levels. ,uncommon ,for ,< ,30 ,years ,old. ,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
P. ,uric ,acid ,is ,deposited ,in ,the ,tissues ,of ,kidney, ,heart, ,earlobes, ,and ,joints. ,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
C.M. ,inflammation, ,painful ,joints. ,result ,of ,diuretic ,use ,or ,diet ,high ,in ,cream ,sauces, ,red ,wine,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,or ,red ,meat
m m m
Rhabdomyolysis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,cell ,hypoxia ,caused ,by ,severe ,muscle ,trauma,
m m m m m m m m m m m
,hyperthermia, ,crush ,injuries, ,or ,severe ,dehydration
m m m m m m
P. ,hypoxia ,to ,cell ,causes ,failure ,of ,the ,Na-K ,pump, ,causing ,accumulation ,of ,intracellular
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,sodium, ,oncosis, ,and ,eventual ,cell ,death. ,Cell ,death ,releases ,enzymes ,such ,as ,CK, ,uric ,acid,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,LDH, ,AST, ,etc.
m m m
C.M. ,Causes: ,trauma, ,hyperthermia, ,crush ,injuries, ,severe ,dehydration; ,s/s: ,CK ,is ,5x ,upper
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,normal ,limit, ,muscle ,pain, ,weakness, ,dark, ,reddish-brown ,urine, ,hypercalcemia, ,renal ,failure
m m m m m m m m m m m
Alpha ,Fetoprotein ,Origin ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver ,and ,germ ,cell ,tumors
m m m m m m m m m m
Carcinoembryonic ,Antigen ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-GI, ,pancreas, ,lung, ,breast ,tumors m m m m m m m m m
Prostate ,Specific ,Antigen ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-prostate ,tumors
m m m m m m m
, Carcino- ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-from ,epithelial ,tissue- ,renal ,cell ,carcinoma
m m m m m m m m m
Sarco- ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-from ,connective ,tissue- ,chondrosarcoma
m m m m m m m
Carcinoma ,in ,situ ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-preinvasive ,epithelial ,malignant ,tumors ,of ,glandular ,or
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,squamous ,cells- ,cervix
m m m
Lung ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Multiple ,organs ,including ,brain
m m m m m m m m m
Colorectal ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,lungs
m m m m m m m
Testicular ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,lungs, ,brain
m m m m m m m m
Prostate ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Bones ,(especially ,lumbar ,spine), ,liver
m m m m m m m m m m
Head ,and ,neck ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,bones, ,lymphatics
m m m m m m m m m m
Ovarian ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Peritoneal ,surfaces, ,diaphragm, ,omentum, ,liver
m m m m m m m m m m
Sarcoma ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Lungs
m m m m m
Melanoma ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-In ,transit ,lymphatics, ,lung, ,liver, ,brain, ,GI ,tract
m m m m m m m m m m m m
Mechanisms ,of ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Local ,invasion, ,followed ,by ,invasion ,of
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,surrounding ,tissues. ,Cells ,then ,may ,invade ,blood ,and ,lymphatic ,vessels. ,They ,must ,survive ,in
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,circulation, ,then ,enter ,and ,survive ,in ,a ,new ,location. ,Then ,the ,cells ,can ,multiply ,and ,form ,a
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,new ,tumor.
m m
TNM ,staging ,system ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-T= ,tumor ,size ,>/= ,correlates ,with ,metastatic ,ability ,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
N= ,whether ,lymph ,nodes ,are ,involved ,
m m m m m m
M= ,extra ,nodal ,involvement ,(liver, ,lungs)
m m m m m
Intravascular ,fluid ,compartment ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-In ,venous ,system- ,20%
m m m m m m m m m
Osmolality ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-The ,measure ,of ,solute ,concentration ,in ,a ,fluid. ,
m m m m m m m m m m m m
280-295 ,mOsm m
Interstitial ,fluid ,compartment ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Surrounds ,the ,cells ,and ,bathes ,them ,in
m m m m m m m m m m m m
,nutrients- ,20%
m m
Intracellular ,fluid ,compartment ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Within ,the ,cells- ,40% ,uk
m m m m m m m m m m
Osmosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Passive- ,the ,movement ,of ,water ,from ,an ,area ,of ,low
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,concentration ,of ,solute ,to ,one ,of ,higher ,concentration
m m m m m m m m
Osmotic ,pressure ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Pulling- ,the ,amount ,of ,pressure ,or ,force ,that ,is ,exerted
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
,by ,solute ,molecules ,of ,a ,given ,compartment
m m m m m m m
