CHEM 110 Final Exam | Questions and Answers | Latest 2025/2026 Update | 100% Correct - McGill
University.
Exothermic - (answer)A reaction that releases heat from the system to the surroundings. q < 0
Endothermic - (answer)A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings into the system. q > 0
Electromagnetic Spectrum (highest energy to lowest) - (answer)Gamma > X-Ray > UV > Visible
(VIBGYOR) > IR > Microwave > Radio
Long wavelength = _________ energy = _________ frequency - (answer)Long wavelength = Low energy
= Low frequency
Short wavelength = _________ energy = _________ frequency - (answer)Short wavelength = High
energy = High frequency
In the Bohr Model, when does ionization occur? - (answer)N -> Infinity
What is happening when electrons move from high to low energy levels? - (answer)The electron
releases energy as a photon of light. Process is exothermic.
What is happening when electrons move from low to high energy levels? - (answer)The electron absorbs
energy. The process is endothermic.
What do each of the quantum numbers describe - (answer)N: Shell, size.
L: Subshell.
Mₗ: Orientation
Mₛ: Spin
What are orbitals? - (answer)They represent electron probability density.
What are nodes? - (answer)Regions where the probability of finding an electron is 0.
, CHEM 110 Final Exam | Questions and Answers | Latest 2025/2026 Update | 100% Correct - McGill
University.
What are degenerate orbitals? - (answer)Orbitals with the same energy, same n and l.
What is Aufbau's principle? - (answer)Fill the lowest energy orbitals first.
What is Hund's Rule? - (answer)Within a subshell, electrons will fill each with one before pairing up.
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle? - (answer)No two electrons in the same atom can have the same
four quantum numbers.
What are common exceptions? - (answer)Cr and Mo fill s1 d5 (to have a half full d subshell)
Cu, Ag, and Au fill s1 d10 (to have a full d subshell)
Ground state vs. Excited state - (answer)Ground state follows the Aufbau principle. An excited state is
when electron(s) have been promoted ot higher-energy orbitals.
What are the periodic trends for atomic size? - (answer)Increases down a group, decreases across a
period. Largest is in the bottom left of periodic table.
What are the periodic trends for ionization energy? - (answer)Decrease down a group, and increase
across a period. Largest IE is in the upper right of periodic table.
What are the periodic trends for electron affinity? - (answer)Becomes more negative across a period.
Becomes less negative down a group.
What is the trend in BDE in regards to bond order? - (answer)Higher bond order = Higher BDE
What is the trend in BDE in regards to atomic size? - (answer)Smaller atoms form stronger bonds =
Higher BDE
University.
Exothermic - (answer)A reaction that releases heat from the system to the surroundings. q < 0
Endothermic - (answer)A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings into the system. q > 0
Electromagnetic Spectrum (highest energy to lowest) - (answer)Gamma > X-Ray > UV > Visible
(VIBGYOR) > IR > Microwave > Radio
Long wavelength = _________ energy = _________ frequency - (answer)Long wavelength = Low energy
= Low frequency
Short wavelength = _________ energy = _________ frequency - (answer)Short wavelength = High
energy = High frequency
In the Bohr Model, when does ionization occur? - (answer)N -> Infinity
What is happening when electrons move from high to low energy levels? - (answer)The electron
releases energy as a photon of light. Process is exothermic.
What is happening when electrons move from low to high energy levels? - (answer)The electron absorbs
energy. The process is endothermic.
What do each of the quantum numbers describe - (answer)N: Shell, size.
L: Subshell.
Mₗ: Orientation
Mₛ: Spin
What are orbitals? - (answer)They represent electron probability density.
What are nodes? - (answer)Regions where the probability of finding an electron is 0.
, CHEM 110 Final Exam | Questions and Answers | Latest 2025/2026 Update | 100% Correct - McGill
University.
What are degenerate orbitals? - (answer)Orbitals with the same energy, same n and l.
What is Aufbau's principle? - (answer)Fill the lowest energy orbitals first.
What is Hund's Rule? - (answer)Within a subshell, electrons will fill each with one before pairing up.
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle? - (answer)No two electrons in the same atom can have the same
four quantum numbers.
What are common exceptions? - (answer)Cr and Mo fill s1 d5 (to have a half full d subshell)
Cu, Ag, and Au fill s1 d10 (to have a full d subshell)
Ground state vs. Excited state - (answer)Ground state follows the Aufbau principle. An excited state is
when electron(s) have been promoted ot higher-energy orbitals.
What are the periodic trends for atomic size? - (answer)Increases down a group, decreases across a
period. Largest is in the bottom left of periodic table.
What are the periodic trends for ionization energy? - (answer)Decrease down a group, and increase
across a period. Largest IE is in the upper right of periodic table.
What are the periodic trends for electron affinity? - (answer)Becomes more negative across a period.
Becomes less negative down a group.
What is the trend in BDE in regards to bond order? - (answer)Higher bond order = Higher BDE
What is the trend in BDE in regards to atomic size? - (answer)Smaller atoms form stronger bonds =
Higher BDE
