1
NUR 2063 Exam 2 Pathophysiology Prep:
Accurate Questions and Fully Explained
Solutions (2026)
1. What are the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma? - ANSWER No
early signs; later signs are anorexia weight loss and GI bleeding
2. What causes gastroenteritis due to Salmonella? - ANSWER Raw or under
cooked chicken or eggs
3. What are complications of a perforated gallbladder? - ANSWER Sepsis
infection
4. What causes jaundice? - ANSWER Increased serum bilirubin over 2.5
mg/dL
5. What disease is associated with jaundice? - ANSWER Cirrhosis of the liver;
hepatitis
6. What is dysphasia? - ANSWER difficulty swallowing
7. What is occult blood? - ANSWER Blood that is not visible to the naked eye
8. What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid? - ANSWER
Alcohol
9. What causes greenish- yellow emesis? - ANSWER Bile
10.What is Pathophysiology - ANSWER is the study of what happens when the
normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease
process of the human body.
11.What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - ANSWER Etiology,
Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
12.What is etiology - ANSWER study of causes or reasons for phenomena.
Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
, 2
13.What is pathogenesis? - ANSWER development or evolution of disease
from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
14.What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER Signs and symptoms of
disorder.
15.What are treatment implications? - ANSWER Which combine the etology,
pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of
condition per individual.
16.What are signs? - ANSWER Objective or observed manifestations of
disease.
17.What are symptoms? - ANSWER Subjective feelings of abnormality in the
body.
18.What is objective data - ANSWER What you observe and can measure.
19.What are examples of objective data? - ANSWER rash, low blood pressure,
bleeding
20.What is subjective data? - ANSWER What the patient may report to you
21.What are examples of subjective data? - ANSWER pain scale, they feel
suicidal, fatigued.
22.What is epidemiology? - ANSWER study of the patterns of disease
involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in
people.
23.What are the levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER Primary, Secondary,
Tertiary
24.Explain Primary Prevention - ANSWER "Preventing"; altering susceptibility
or reducing exposure of disease for people.
25.Examples of Primary Prevention - ANSWER Vaccinations and
Handwashing
, 3
26.Explain Secondary Prevention - ANSWER "Screening"; early detection,
screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it
spreads
27.Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANSWER PAP smears for STDs, lab
work for HBA1C check, mammogram
28.Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER "Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
29.Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER Rehab for hip surgery,
relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent
pressure ulcers.
30.What is homeostasis? - ANSWER a state of equilibrium in which all body
systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning.
Stable.
31.What is allostasis? - ANSWER ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It
is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example:
sweating to lower ones body temp.
32.Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
33.Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Where the
sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight
responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or
fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage
to give the organs energy to work.
34.Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER the
activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to
return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the
stressor.
35.Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER
Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body
can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It
, 4
causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or
death.
36.What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general
adaptation syndrome? - ANSWER disease can occur physically and
mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and
heart disease.
37.Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation
syndrome - ANSWER Corticotrophin releasing hormone,
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and
epinephrine) and cortisol
38.Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage -
ANSWER activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic
hormone.
39.Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - ANSWER helps to
slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the
body for fight or flight.
40.Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - ANSWER Stimulates
the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the
lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let
more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
41.Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - ANSWER released by
ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to
increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune
system.
42.Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response -
ANSWER Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR,
bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit
GI/GU.
43.Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response -
ANSWER Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.
NUR 2063 Exam 2 Pathophysiology Prep:
Accurate Questions and Fully Explained
Solutions (2026)
1. What are the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma? - ANSWER No
early signs; later signs are anorexia weight loss and GI bleeding
2. What causes gastroenteritis due to Salmonella? - ANSWER Raw or under
cooked chicken or eggs
3. What are complications of a perforated gallbladder? - ANSWER Sepsis
infection
4. What causes jaundice? - ANSWER Increased serum bilirubin over 2.5
mg/dL
5. What disease is associated with jaundice? - ANSWER Cirrhosis of the liver;
hepatitis
6. What is dysphasia? - ANSWER difficulty swallowing
7. What is occult blood? - ANSWER Blood that is not visible to the naked eye
8. What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid? - ANSWER
Alcohol
9. What causes greenish- yellow emesis? - ANSWER Bile
10.What is Pathophysiology - ANSWER is the study of what happens when the
normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease
process of the human body.
11.What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - ANSWER Etiology,
Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
12.What is etiology - ANSWER study of causes or reasons for phenomena.
Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
, 2
13.What is pathogenesis? - ANSWER development or evolution of disease
from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
14.What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER Signs and symptoms of
disorder.
15.What are treatment implications? - ANSWER Which combine the etology,
pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of
condition per individual.
16.What are signs? - ANSWER Objective or observed manifestations of
disease.
17.What are symptoms? - ANSWER Subjective feelings of abnormality in the
body.
18.What is objective data - ANSWER What you observe and can measure.
19.What are examples of objective data? - ANSWER rash, low blood pressure,
bleeding
20.What is subjective data? - ANSWER What the patient may report to you
21.What are examples of subjective data? - ANSWER pain scale, they feel
suicidal, fatigued.
22.What is epidemiology? - ANSWER study of the patterns of disease
involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in
people.
23.What are the levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER Primary, Secondary,
Tertiary
24.Explain Primary Prevention - ANSWER "Preventing"; altering susceptibility
or reducing exposure of disease for people.
25.Examples of Primary Prevention - ANSWER Vaccinations and
Handwashing
, 3
26.Explain Secondary Prevention - ANSWER "Screening"; early detection,
screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it
spreads
27.Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANSWER PAP smears for STDs, lab
work for HBA1C check, mammogram
28.Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER "Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
29.Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER Rehab for hip surgery,
relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent
pressure ulcers.
30.What is homeostasis? - ANSWER a state of equilibrium in which all body
systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning.
Stable.
31.What is allostasis? - ANSWER ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It
is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example:
sweating to lower ones body temp.
32.Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
33.Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Where the
sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight
responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or
fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage
to give the organs energy to work.
34.Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER the
activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to
return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the
stressor.
35.Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER
Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body
can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It
, 4
causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or
death.
36.What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general
adaptation syndrome? - ANSWER disease can occur physically and
mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and
heart disease.
37.Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation
syndrome - ANSWER Corticotrophin releasing hormone,
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and
epinephrine) and cortisol
38.Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage -
ANSWER activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic
hormone.
39.Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - ANSWER helps to
slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the
body for fight or flight.
40.Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - ANSWER Stimulates
the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the
lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let
more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
41.Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - ANSWER released by
ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to
increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune
system.
42.Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response -
ANSWER Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR,
bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit
GI/GU.
43.Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response -
ANSWER Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.
