History Exam - World War I
- “Bismarck era” → Otto von Bismarck
→ Prime Minister of Prussia
→ Chancellor of German Empire
→ * 1. April 1815 ; 30. Juli 1898
- goals → isolating France (Alsace-Lorraine 1870/71)
- no coalitions against Germany → two-front war
- in Germany establishing nationalism, social security
(pension fund, healthcare)
- socialist-laws 1870s
→ reason for him to resign from his position:
Wilhelm II did not agree with him on the
socialist-laws
- "Wilhelmine era” → against parliamentarism
- improving industry by 1871 -1914
- upper classes formed to traditional means, but also a
more artistic society formed (Avantgarde)
- alliances by Bismarck were partly ignored → Wilhem II did
not extend the treaty with Russia f.i.
- Three Emperorˋs League october 1873
→ Austria, Russia, Germany
restoring monarchy
- 1877/78 Balkan Wars → international problems
- Bismarck solves this conflict in the Berlin congress 1878
→ deteriorating Russian - German relationship
- 1905/6 Moroccan crisis → Germany is late to the idea of
imperialism
- France and Great Britain rivalry in Morocco about each
colony → Entente Crodiale 1904 ruling this out
→ used by Germany to further isolate France
- 1906 “Algecira Act” freedom of trade, France got great
power over Morocco
- 1911 colliding interests of Germany and France in Morocco
→ France occupied Fes and Rabat fortress due to local
difficulties → threat to Germany, as France in generating
more power in Morocco
- Germany tries to control France with further threats and
not talking to any other world power, being extremely
convinced of their plan → Problem: arming up their naval
power
, - → this threatens Great Britain, siding with France
therefore
- preservative war on the German side → supported by public
- in the end it went the diplomatic way 1911 November →
Germany abstains from any power in Morocco and gets
therefore colonies from the french in Kongo, persist of
freedom of trade
- 1904 the herero in south-west Africa opposed the invasion
of Germans and started by killing 120 people → till 1907
Germany almost killed the complete population of Hereros
and Namas → concentration camps and banishment into the
desert → war of annihilation (Lothar von Trotha)
- to support the colonies Germany had to build up its
military → needing more naval power
- arms race, which was already announced in 1896 by Wilheln
II
- Balkan wars 1912 and 1913
- after Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary’s conflict with Serbia got
more serious
- Russia formed due to the annexation a Balcan association
→ Serbia and Bulgaria, later adding Greece and Montenegro
- supported by russian patronage
- the countries wanted to be independent from the Ottoman
Empire
- wanted to fuse with european countries
- Balkan crisis 1875-78 →
Bosnia,Herzegovina,Serbia,Bulgaria and Montenegro rose
from the oppression of the Ottoman Empire and Russia
supported them due to pan slavism (solidarity to all
slavic people)
- Berlin congress 1878
- October 8, 1912 → declaration of war from the Balkan
association to the Ottoman Empire (first Balkan war) won
by Balcan ass.
- December 28. 1912 → Albania declared independence from
the Ottoman Empire
- May 1 1913 the war ended with a truce
→ London treaty of peace May 30, 1913 Ottoman Empire had
to give up all it’s european areas
- second Balcan war → who was allowed to fuse with which
land
- June 29, 1913 escalation between Bulgaria and Serbia
- “Bismarck era” → Otto von Bismarck
→ Prime Minister of Prussia
→ Chancellor of German Empire
→ * 1. April 1815 ; 30. Juli 1898
- goals → isolating France (Alsace-Lorraine 1870/71)
- no coalitions against Germany → two-front war
- in Germany establishing nationalism, social security
(pension fund, healthcare)
- socialist-laws 1870s
→ reason for him to resign from his position:
Wilhelm II did not agree with him on the
socialist-laws
- "Wilhelmine era” → against parliamentarism
- improving industry by 1871 -1914
- upper classes formed to traditional means, but also a
more artistic society formed (Avantgarde)
- alliances by Bismarck were partly ignored → Wilhem II did
not extend the treaty with Russia f.i.
- Three Emperorˋs League october 1873
→ Austria, Russia, Germany
restoring monarchy
- 1877/78 Balkan Wars → international problems
- Bismarck solves this conflict in the Berlin congress 1878
→ deteriorating Russian - German relationship
- 1905/6 Moroccan crisis → Germany is late to the idea of
imperialism
- France and Great Britain rivalry in Morocco about each
colony → Entente Crodiale 1904 ruling this out
→ used by Germany to further isolate France
- 1906 “Algecira Act” freedom of trade, France got great
power over Morocco
- 1911 colliding interests of Germany and France in Morocco
→ France occupied Fes and Rabat fortress due to local
difficulties → threat to Germany, as France in generating
more power in Morocco
- Germany tries to control France with further threats and
not talking to any other world power, being extremely
convinced of their plan → Problem: arming up their naval
power
, - → this threatens Great Britain, siding with France
therefore
- preservative war on the German side → supported by public
- in the end it went the diplomatic way 1911 November →
Germany abstains from any power in Morocco and gets
therefore colonies from the french in Kongo, persist of
freedom of trade
- 1904 the herero in south-west Africa opposed the invasion
of Germans and started by killing 120 people → till 1907
Germany almost killed the complete population of Hereros
and Namas → concentration camps and banishment into the
desert → war of annihilation (Lothar von Trotha)
- to support the colonies Germany had to build up its
military → needing more naval power
- arms race, which was already announced in 1896 by Wilheln
II
- Balkan wars 1912 and 1913
- after Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary’s conflict with Serbia got
more serious
- Russia formed due to the annexation a Balcan association
→ Serbia and Bulgaria, later adding Greece and Montenegro
- supported by russian patronage
- the countries wanted to be independent from the Ottoman
Empire
- wanted to fuse with european countries
- Balkan crisis 1875-78 →
Bosnia,Herzegovina,Serbia,Bulgaria and Montenegro rose
from the oppression of the Ottoman Empire and Russia
supported them due to pan slavism (solidarity to all
slavic people)
- Berlin congress 1878
- October 8, 1912 → declaration of war from the Balkan
association to the Ottoman Empire (first Balkan war) won
by Balcan ass.
- December 28. 1912 → Albania declared independence from
the Ottoman Empire
- May 1 1913 the war ended with a truce
→ London treaty of peace May 30, 1913 Ottoman Empire had
to give up all it’s european areas
- second Balcan war → who was allowed to fuse with which
land
- June 29, 1913 escalation between Bulgaria and Serbia
