BIOLOGY & APPLIED SCIENCES☀️

Blood, a fluid connective tissue made of plasma and cellular elements. A study of the composition and functions with interesting representations. Red Blood Cells and haemoglobin; associated problems of erythropoiesis, anemia and sickle cell anaemia. Granular and Agranular types of WBCs as basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes associated functions and blood diseases as leukemia, leucopoiesis. Thrombopoiesis and Haemophilia associated with blood platelets. Graphic representat...

Photosynthesis process with Light Reaction (Photochemical Phase) and Dark Reaction (Biochemical Phase). Solar energy harness by Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Z Scheme with the photosystems of pigments. Chloroplast plays a key role as the site of Reactions in stroma and grana. Various experiments related with the process: Variegated Leaf; Half-Leaf experiments and work by Engelmann. Carbohydrates synthesis as the end product. An important study for students at every level for Biology and Plant Sciences...

Types of nutrition: autotrophic and heterotrophic; categories of digestion: intracellular and extracellular with a detailed account of the human digestive system including alimentary canal and associated glands. Biochemical reactions with the digestive juices and enzymes covering taste buds, oesophagus, stomach, intestines; liver and pancreas. Diagrammatic study with all the equations for clear understanding of food breakdown in digestive processes. Interconversion of foods as part of absorptio...

Cardiac Cycle provides an insight into double circulation and lymphatic system. Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation with heart and blood flow through the arteries, veins and capillaries. Heart disorders like erythroblastosis foetalis; cardiac arrest. Detailed guide for hypertension, high blood pressure. Heart attack situations explained with illustrative diagrams. Coronary artery diseases leading to angina pectoris are explained with graphic representations. Significance of Electro Cardio Gram (...

Circulatory System provides knowledge about body fluids, heart and cardiac cycle. Open and closed circulation in the vertebrates is discussed with diagrams and graphs. Human circulatory system with double circulation and lymphatic system is explain in clear concepts. Blood coagulation step-wise; functions of RBCs, WBCs and platelets is given separately. Blood vessel types and blood grouping is also discussed with diagrammatic clarity. Erythroblastosis foetalis complications; portal system and co...

Living organisms with features as nutrition, respiration, movement, adaptations, etc. define biodiversity. Classification is based on taxonomy, nomenclature systematics. Species based on ICBN Binomial system given by Linnaeus classified by Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic systems. Taxonomical Hierarchies as genus, family, order, class, division, phylum and kingdom provide a systematic study. Graphic and diagrammatic representation provided an interesting study. Domain Classification as Arch...

Morphology of flowering plants: Roots, Stems and Leaves. Tap and Adventitious root system including the various modifications as stilt, prop, pneumatophores, halophytes in mangroves. Structure of stem and the variety of modifications in aerial, sub-aerial and underground modifications - rhizome, tuber, corm, bulb, tendril, thorn, phylloclade, cladode, bulbil. Sub-aerial stem modifications like runner, sucker, stolon and offset. Morphology of leaves with their phyllotaxy, modification as phyllode...

Blood Pressure: Pulse Pressure measurements with sphygmomanometer. BP disorders, types; arterial BP. Studies by Stephen Hales, Korotkoff, Riva-Rocci. National Health Mission with a focus on Indian Blood Pressure issues. Hypertension and hypotension causing changes in health. Systolic Blood Pressure as well as Diastolic Blood Pressure measurements, significance and disorders. Graphic and real photograph representations for clear understanding. An important reference for health professionals and ...

Human Eye: External and Internal Structure covering cornea, pupil, iris, sclera, retina with the optic nerve, blind spot. Diagrammatic view of the Eye with in depth explanation of the function and role of the various parts of the eye. Eye diseases as hyperopia, myopia, cataract, astigmatism and glaucoma with real pictures and problems. Certain rare eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosum, retinopathic intracranial hypertension are also discussed. This will be an essential guide for all students...

Cell Cycle covering Interphase as well as M Phase. Events during G1, S and G2 stages of Interphase. M phase with prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase; followed by cytokinesis. A comparison between plant and animal cell. Highlights of the significant role played by cell division: growth, replacement and repair. Diagrammatic representations of various stages for clear understanding and conceptualization. An important guideline for all students opting for Life Sciences and Basic Biology. Es...