Neemagee

What does hypothesis mean? Is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation What is an extraneous variable? Something that may impact the experiment but is not supposed to What is an aim? A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate; the purpose of the study. What is the purpose of an aim? To identify what variables the study is investigating and to explain the outline and purpose of the study What is an experimental hypo...

What is volunteer sampling - Participants approach experimenters from adverts and the procedure is at the start to ensure consent Evaluation of volunteer sampling - Strengths - informed consent - large sample size Weaknesses - sample bias, those with more free time like older people or students are more likely to volunteer - Demand characteristics that also increase if paid What is opportunity sampling - Using participants close to them Evaluation of opportunity sampling - Strengt...

Aim - A general expression of what the researcher intends to investigate Hypothesis - A precise and operationalized statement about the assumed relationship between variables Directional Hypothesis - States the direction of the predicted difference between two conditions or two groups of participants Non-directional Hypothesis - Predicts simply that there is a difference between two conditions or two groups of participants without stating the direction of the difference Independent ...

Self-report techniques - Any method in which a person is asked to state or explain their own feelings, opinions, behaviors and experiences related to a given topic. Questionnaire - A set of written questions (sometimes called items) used to access a persons' thoughts/experiences Strengths of questionnaires – -Cost effective -Can gather large amounts of data quickly -Can be completed without the researcher being present Weaknesses of questionnaires – - Can produce response bias...

Describe the Milgram (1963) experiment process. 40 males from volunteer samples in a lab. Confederate 'randomly' picked as learner, participants. As teacher. Teachers administered shocks to 450v, experimenter told participants to continue when hesitant. What did Milgram (1963) find? All participants reached 300v, 65% to 450v. Supporting evaluations for Milgram (1963). - Good external validity for the relationship between authority and participants. - Replicable with high consiste...

What is obedience? - A form of social influence in which an individual follows a direct order from a figure of authority. What was Milgram's (1964) study? - Milgram (1964) sought an answer to why such a high proportion of the German population obeyed Hitler's commands to murder over 6 million Jews in the Holocaust and other social groups during WW2. Procedure: 40 US men were given the role of TEACHER through a fixed draw - ordered to administer (fake) electric shocks to LEARNER (confeder...

Social Change - A society adopts a new belief of way of behaving which eventually widely becomes the norm. Social Change through Minority Influence – 1. Drawing attention to the issue 2. Cognitive Conflict 3. Consistency of position 4. The augmentation Principle 5. The snowball effect 6. Deeper Processing Cognitive Conflict - A conflict between what majority believe and the beliefs put forward by the minority, to make majority think more deeply. The augmentation principle - T...

Kelman - 1958. Proposed three types of conformity. Conformity - Yielding to group pressure. Behavior and/or beliefs are influenced by a larger group of people. Internalization - Public and private. Validation process. Change own beliefs. Identification - Accept influence to establish a relationship with a group. To feel part of a group. Internalization and compliance. Compliance - Public not private. No change in personal opinion. To fain approval. To fit in with a group Informati...

STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY Abnormality is defined as those behaviors that are extremely rare, i.e. any behavior that is found in very few people is regarded as abnormal. E.g. IQ - statistically unusual if below 70. Diagnosed w/ intellectual disability disorder DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS Behavior that is different from the accepted standards of behavior in a community or society Abnormality based on social context Example: antisocial personality disorder (formerly psychopathy) - fai...

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM FINAL UNIT, STUDY EXAMS . A VAREITY OF EXAM PAPERS; QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS . SPECIFICALLY UNIT ONE AND TWO OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE FINALS, AS WELL AS EXAM ONE, TWO AND THREE STUDY EXAMS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE.