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Which of these is NOT a Class I anti–arrhythmic? a.) diltiazem b.) lidocaine c.) flecainide d.) procainamide (Bonus: What channel do Class I meds block?)-ANSWER-a.) diltiazem (Ca channel blocker) Class I meds are Na channel blockers Which of these anti–arrhythmic medications is the most appropriate first line choice for an acute ventricular tachycardia in a stable patient? a.) flecainide b.) lidocaine c.) propanolol d.) verapamil-ANSWER-b.) lidocine, fast acting Na channel bl...

Explain the mechanism of "Increased Automaticity"-ANSWER-Occurs when a specific area of the cardiac tissue depolarises faster than the SA node, causing focal arrhythmia. Explain the mechanism of "Re–entry"-ANSWER-Normally, the AP travels through the myocardium via "fast" and "slow" pathways. In re–entry, the impulse finds the normal "fast" pathway refractory and is redirected to the "slow" pathway. It continues both distally and retrograde up the "fa...

Arrhythmias can be due to...-ANSWER-abnormal impulse conduction or abnormal impulse formation These abnormalities may be caused by trauma, hypoxemia, myocardial disease, inflammation ,acidosis, or any cause of myocardial injury When do arrhythmias need to be treated?-ANSWER-when they cause hemodynamic dysfunction (low blood pressure/flow) or may result in future complications such as worsening arrhythmias or heart failure due to increased myocardial oxygen consumption and to high or low of a...

What is gerontology?-ANSWER-Gerontology is the study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging. What is social gerontology?-ANSWER-Social gerontology is a subfield of gerontology that focuses on the social as opposed to the physical or biological aspects of aging. How is old age defined?-ANSWER-There is no single agreed–upon way to define aging and old age. The most commonly used definition in the United States is chronological age, but there are many other ways to de...

Which of the following may be used to define Geriatrics? a. a professional field consisting of many disciplines b. the study of aging as a part of normal development c. a and b d. the medical study of diseases and problems of old age. e. a, b, and d.-ANSWER-D The perception of high or low tones, ability to judge distances and personality may be used to characterize a. Functional Age b. Psychological Age c. Sociological Age d. a and b e. a, b, and c-ANSWER-B During the 19...

Five categories of activities of daily living (ADLS)-ANS-Hygiene, mobility, elimination (toileting), dining, and communication including speech Late lost ADLS-ANS-Bed mobility, Transfer, Eating, Toilet use When changing physicians, the new physician must....-ANS-1. Conduct a new history/physical examination 2. Write new orders 3. Obtain a written release from the former physician Actions to take when Death Occurs-ANS-1. Contact resident's family members 2. Follow facility protoc...

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Which statement best describes the relationship between maternal and fetal hemoglobin levels? a. Fetal hemoglobin is higher than maternal hemoglobin b. Maternal hemoglobin is higher than fetal hemoglobin c. Maternal and fetal hemoglobin are the same-ANSWER-b. Maternal hemoglobin is higher than fetal hemoglobin In a normal pregnancy, there is usually a physiologic drop in blood pressure to its lowest point in the a. first trimester b. second trimester c. third trimeste...

The therapeutic use of ephedrine includes: a. anti–epileotic agent b. anti–Alzheimer's agent c. anti–anxiety agent d. anti–asthmatic and decongestion agent e. anti–depressive agent-ANSWER-d. anti–asthmatic and decongestion agent The therapeutic use of amphetamine includes the following, except one. Which is the exception? a. treating ADHD b. treating narcolepsy c. treating obesity d. treating bronchial disorders such as asthma and decongestion e. treating OCD-ANSW...

What is a superconducting magnet?-ANSWER-Wire that is coiled or winded which allows a current to pass through creating a magnetic field of 1.5–3 tesla. What is the magnetic field strength of 1.5T?-ANSWER-63.9MHz Why is liquid helium used?-ANSWER-In order to maintain a large energy, there needs to be 0 resistance. This is achieved by the wire being bathed in the helium at –452.4 degrees. What is the a disadvantage of helium ?-ANSWER-Very expensive but the high field strengths allow f...

What is one of the most important things to visualize in imaging the TMJ and is also one of the hardest?-ANSWER-The meniscus What is the positioning for TMJ imaging?-ANSWER-Head first supine while using a SURFACE coil. An alternative is to use a small round coil in conjunction with the head coil. Another alternative is a bilateral dedicated TMJ coil. Centering is directly on the joint. We can palpate the location of the TMJ and make sure the interpupillary line is strictly horizonal and pe...

A client with schizophrenia has been admitted to an acute psychiatric facility, when working with this client initially the most therapeutic action the nurse should do is what?-CORRECT ANASWER-A client with schizophrenia has been admitted to an acute psychiatric facility, when working with this client initially the most therapeutic action the nurse should do is what? – Sit with them, establish trust, and develop a therapeutic relationship (to engage in therapeutic communication) – Initiall...

impetus for codifying PTSD in the DSM–III-ANSWER-mental health professionals w/ strong sense of advocacy on behalf of Vietnam War vets excessive noradrenergic tone in the locus coeruleus-ANSWER-may account for hyperarousal and reexperiencing sx in PTSD 2 most common causes of PTSD in men? in women?-ANSWER-men – combat exposure and witnessing overt violence women – rape and sexual molestation dreams, flashbacks, and intrusive memories that are recurrent and distressful that cause ...

What are the common co–morbidities of an Anxiety Disorder?-ANSWERS-80% of pts with anxiety disorder develop a depressive disorder 58% of its with depressive disorder are dx'd with anxiety 20% of its with anxiety d/o have co–morbid substance abuse 20–43% of its with schizophrenia experience panic attacks What are the physiologic manifestations of anxiety?-ANSWERS-Adrenergic responses (flight or fight response) Increased HR Increase BP Diaphoresis GI problems Sleep disturbances...

What are the common co–morbidities of an Anxiety Disorder?-ANSWERS-80% of pts with anxiety disorder develop a depressive disorder 58% of its with depressive disorder are dx'd with anxiety 20% of its with anxiety d/o have co–morbid substance abuse 20–43% of its with schizophrenia experience panic attacks What are the physiologic manifestations of anxiety?-ANSWERS-Adrenergic responses (flight or fight response) Increased HR Increase BP Diaphoresis GI problems Sleep disturbances...

Define crisis.-ANSWER-A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem. What characteristics describe a crisis?-ANSWER-1. Crisis occurs in all individuals at one time or another and is not necessarily equated with psychopathology. 2. Crises are precipitated by specific identifiable events. 3. Crises are personal by nature. What may be considered a crisis situation by one individual may not be so for another. 4. Crise...