Brainarium

Astrocytes - ️️glial, maintain ionic environment Lumbar - ️️hips and legs Tetrodoxin (TTX) - ️️- found in puffer fish ovaries - one could kill 30 adult humans - causes death via paralysis of respiratory muscles - fish has TTX resistant Na channels - irreversibly blocks channel Dermatomes - ️️spinal nerves innervate sections of the skin, message from certain section of skin is sent to certain section of spine - skin corresponds to spin 1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar...

sodium potassium pump - ️️enzyme that transports 3 sodium to the outside, and it transports 2 potassium to the inside using the hydrolysis of ATP - creates more sodium outside and more potassium inside and creates a concentration gradient Midline, ipsilateral and contrelateral - ️️line separating left and right of the entire nervous system - ipsilateral means the same side of something and contralateral means the opposite side of something Nissl stain showed (Nissl) - ️️Nissl u...

RAPID-adapting mechanoreceptors - ️️Meissner and Pacinian (dynamic phase QUICKLY becomes static phase) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) - ️️(part of the PNS) cluster of cell bodies in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve (when the action potential reaches the DRG, it splits into 2 - one travels toward the cell body and the other continues down the axon) dorsal horn - ️️the POSTERIOR column of grey matter in the spinal cord (shape differs depending on spinal segment) - contains SENSORY n...

Coronal: - ️️lane of section that is parallel to the face, how you put on a crown, divides head to anterior (front) and posterior (back) Difference between MS and Guillain Barre? - ️️Question Multiple Sclerosis Guillain Barre What myelin it attacks CNS PNS Can you have a full recovery No Yes Rarity Common Rare Symptoms MS: Problems with vision, speech, tactile etc. GB: Paralysis, loss of sensation, trouble breathing Biolistic Transfection (Gene Gun) - ️️Take tiny gold partic...

Benefits of Adaption in touch sensations - ️️1) Helps us to ignore constant, innocuous stimuli, reducing distraction 2) Helps to avoid saturation of neuronal firing rates, allowing us to detect changes in stimulus intensity over a larger ranger of intensities. Merkel Cells and Mechanotransduction - ️️When skin is presed: 1) Mechanically-gated ion channels in the A beta membrane open, letting in ions (Na) 2) This causes the first ("dynamic phase") action potential 3) Mechanically...

Nissl Stain - ️️Nissl used basic died to stain the endoplasmic reticulum (RNA), thereby revealing cell bodies. Using the nissl stain, Brodmann found that different areas of the cerebral cortex had distinct cytoarchitectonic appearances. He identified 52 cortical areas, now called Broadmann's areas contralaterality - ️️right brain controls left, left brain controls right. most functions are contralateral 3 types of glial cells - ️️Astrocyte (maintain ionic environment), Oligode...

What are the semicircular canals filled with? - ️️endolymph what is the advantage of having high spontaneous firing rate even in the absence of tilt in the hair cells of the vestibular system? - ️️tilting in the direction opposite to the direction which causes maximal firing rate causes hyperpolarizing the cell in which direction in regards to the striola do the longest stereocilia of the hair cells point to? - ️️in utricle: all cells point towards the striola in saccule: all c...

DCML - 1) mechanosensory receptors send info to fibers in gracile & cuneate pathways 2) fibers travel to caudal medulla, synapse at dorsal column nucleus (and switch sides) 3) exit DCN as arcuate fibers, cross the midline to form medial lemniscus carries through pons, midbrain, brainstem 4) synapse at thalamus (VPL) 5) internal capsule takes axons to post-central gyrus/S1, some to S2. Meissener - - rapidly adapting -40% of mechanosensory innervation in hand - skin motion, indentation, lo...

For an on-center ganglion cell, what causes it to maximally fire? - ️️light in the center and darkness in the surround superchiasmatic nucleus - ️️part of the hypothalamus, which regulates circadian rhythms - some axons from the retina go here explain the retinotopic/visuotopic map of the primary visual cortex - ️️the macula takes up a disproportionally large space in the cortex, compared to the peripheral field What is the spontaneous level of activity or baseline for a gangli...

Frontal Lobe - ️️front of the brain; reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language; at the back of the frontal lobe, near the central sulcus, lies the motor cortex(receives information from various lobes of the brain and utilizes this information to carry out body movements); damage:changes in sexual habits, socialization, and attention, increased risk-taking Spinal nerve - ️️A nerve which carries motor, sensory and autonomic information between the spin...

Higher pitch = - ️️higher frequency - but perception depends on the environment Wavelength - ️️the distance b/w two peaks/an up-down cycle Middle ear - ️️everything inside the tympanic membrane and before the oval window LSO - ️️- monitors intensity differences for high-frequency sound - head blocks frequencies that have wavelengths smaller than the head - produces a sound shadow (in humans - higher than 2kHz) - the ipsilateral LSO starts firing more when there is a sound ...

Spina bifida - ️️neural tube fails to close caudally - risk factor: insufficient folate (vitamin B9) consumption during pregnancy - needed for production of DNA and RNA and for mitosis - exposed nerves can result in infection, affect bladder and bowel function, and paralysis Day 20 of gestation - ️️neural groove develops; part of the mesoderm becomes somites which become bones Pluripo Endoderm - ️️lung, gut, and liver (inside layer) tent - ️️potential to become any type o...

Fracture table positioning to repair hip and femur fractures - ️️Fx of hip and thigh require ORIF or intra-medullary rodding. A standard OR table is not appropriate for this because these techniques require maintained traction. The table includes a boot- the affected leg is placed in the boot. Lateral position - ️️Lateral recumbent position. Patient positioned on one side. Lower leg is flexed, and upper leg remains straight. Safety strap is placed over the hip. Arms are placed on d...

Tuft Fracture - ️️Comminuted fracture of distal phalanx Boxer's Fracture - ️️Distal 5th metacarpal Chauffer's fracture - ️️(Hutchinson's). Radial styloid process pulled away from radius by ligaments Jones Fracture - ️️Fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal Buckle Fracture - ️️(Torus). Incomplete fx. FOOSH. Bone bends outward but does not fully break- one side of bone undamaged. Monteggia Fracture - ️️Fracture/dislocation. Proximal ulna fx and dislocation of ...

Smooth-Trac overhead traction bar can hold how much weight? - Single frame 250 Without double clamp bar 200 The following adverse outcome of animal bites to a finger may occur if untreated ? - Rabies Joint Sepsis Osteomyelitis Lymphedema How ma You are requested to prepare a patient for trigger finger injection. What materials are needed? - Skin prep solution Syringe Local anesthetic without epinephrine ny lbs can you use for skin traction? - 5-7 lbs Skeletal traction allows the use o...

Bi-valving - ️️Involves cutting the cast as for removal, and slightly separating edges with a cast splitter. Used when causing discomfort but NOT compromising NV status Cast padding, AKA - ️️Webril Temperature of H20 used: - ️️-Warmer increases the heat given off by plaster. -Affects setting time -Cold water takes longer to set Airplane splint - ️️Holds arm in position of abduction @ shoulder level. Forearm in flx, strut used for support. Munster cast - ️️AKA supracon...

Clinical union delayed until after 3 months. - ️️Delayed union dislocation vs. subluxation - ️️Dislocation (a complete disruption of the joint) and subluxation (a partial dislocation followed by relocation) Fracture distal tibia through the growth plate then angled down/lower inferior to the growth plate? - ️️Salter Harris #3 Bulky Jones - ️️a bulky Jones splint or dressing is used to push fluid back into systemic circulation while keeping the foot and ankle in position Sa...

What is the primary feature of a database management system? Efficient data handling. It stores data in an organized manner. Data security and access control. It allows for easy access and manipulation of data. Minimize Data redundancy. It reduces data duplication. All of the above - ️️ALL What is data modeling primarily used for? - ️️To represent relationships between business entities In data-related terms, what is an entity? - ️️A thing in the real world with an independe...

_____________ of data is used to assess the performance of each supervised learning model so that we can compare models and pick the best one. - The test partition - The validation partition - ️️Validation The validation partition is used to assess the performance of each supervised learning model so that we can compare models and pick the best one. In some algorithms (e.g., classification and regression trees, k-nearest neighbors) the validation partition may be used in automated fas...

True or false: Bar charts are useful for comparing a single statistic (e.g. average, count, percentage) across groups. The height of the bar represents the value of statistic, and different bars correspond to different groups. - ️️True Assume that you are running Neural platform in JMP Pro. Which penalty method should be chosen if your data set has large number of X variables, and you think that a few of them contribute more than others to the predictive ability of the model? [ No penal...