Brainarium

. Which type of cell is most likely to accumulate mutations over time, potentially leading to cancer? o A) Post-mitotic cells o B) Progenitor cells o C) Stem cells o D) Erythrocytes 2. What cellular characteristic makes adult stem cells prime targets for mutagenesis and tumorigenesis? o A) High division rate o B) Short lifespan o C) Slow division rate but long lifespan o D) Resistance to mutation accumulation 3. Progenitor cells are less likely to contribute to tumor formation becau...

Which type of immune response should one expect to see after 4 hours of pathogen contact? (Ranges between 4 hours and 4 days). A. Innate immune response B. Immediate innate immune response C. Induced innate immune response D. A & C E. A, B, & C 2) Which of the following might you expect to see as a result of the innate immune response? A. Plasma cells secreting antibodies B. Inflammation C. Leukocytes moving to site of infection D. Soluble molecules being made/secreted into the blood ...

PCB4233 Bundled Exams with complete solutions

What is the difference between pyro and pyo? - ️️Pyro = Fire, Pyo = Pus All leukocytes are lymphocytes but not all lymphocytes are leukocytes? True or false? - ️️False, All lymphocytes are leukocytes but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes. Look at page 14 and know figure 1.14 very well Test Tip- Don't look for the right answers on the test because it MAY or May Not be an option. Both the Bone marrow and the thalamus are primary lymphoid tissues? True or False - ️️False, Bone...

Bonds formed between the T cell and a dendritic cell are relatively weak. Which of the following help to strengthen this association so that a T cell can see which antigen is being presented by a dendritic cell? a. CD28/LFA-5 b. CD 28 c. ICAM-1/LFA-1 d. IL-2R e. Pattern-recognition molecules - CORRECT ANSWER-c. ICAM-1/LFA-1 With regard to the type of B-cell response generated, carbohydrate antigens CANNOT provoke which of the following responses? a. TI-1 b. TI-2 c. Thymus-Dependent ...

Which of the following domain combinations constitutes the antigen-binding site of immunoglobulins or T cell receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER-Valpha:Vbeta On the cell surface of an antigen-presenting cell, what is the structure recognized by the α:β T-cell receptor? - CORRECT ANSWER-Processed peptide antigen plus MHC CD8 positive T cells recognize their antigen presented by which molecule? - CORRECT ANSWER-MHC Class I Using only random VDJ recombination, from 40 V, 25 D, and 6 J gene segments...

What cytokines are required for survival of B cells in secondary lymphoid tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER-Require CD40/CD40L interactions between B/T cellsCytokines from FDCs and TFH cells stimulate proliferation further When are the different Immunoglobulin isotypes produced during an immune response and how do they differ? - CORRECT ANSWER-Plasma cells are Igproducing machines: Surface Ig is near zero, but secreted Ig values are high Found within first 5-6 days of immune responses in medullary ...

It is well documented that antibody affinities for an immunizing antigen continue to increase upon successive rounds of immunization (i.e. secondary, tertiary, etc). This is due to the fact that: - CORRECT ANSWER-memory B cells can re-enter germinal centers and undergo additional somatic hypermutation What is the cell type most characteristically associated with the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)? - CORRECT ANSWER-microfold (M) cells Intestinal epithelium and lamina propria contain ...

What are the three signals required for T cell activation? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. TCR signaling 2. Costimulatory interaction 3. Cytokine signaling (ex. autocrine and paracrine IL-2) What cytokine is important for T cell activation? - CORRECT ANSWER-IL-2 Why are alpha beta T cells CD3+ and gamma delta T cells CD3-? - CORRECT ANSWER-CD3 is responsible for antigen-MHC T cell activation and gamma delta T cells do not require the MHC for T cell activation What is the Src family? - CORRECT ANSWER...

Integrin- dependent T cell adhesion to antigen presenting cells increases substantially following TCR stimulation. This increased integrin- dependent adhesion is mediated in part by: - CORRECT ANSWER-LFA-1 conversion to a high affinity binding state Like TCR signaling, B cel receptor (BCR) signaling is initiated by kinase phosphorylating tyrosine resides in ITAM motids of BCR signaling subunit - CORRECT ANSWER-True Lymphocyte activation leads to robust proliferation and effector cell dif...

Epithelial surfaces provide the first line of defense against infection by the use of several types of mechanisms. One of the chemical mechanisms used by epithelia is: Secretion of antimicrobial peptides by epithelial cells 3 multiple choice options Neutrophil defensins are _________. short peptides Which of the following statements is TRUE of lysozyme? Lysozyme splits peptidoglycan 3 multiple choice options T/F: The classical and lectin pathways of complement activation converge at the...

The early events of inflammation are characterized by all of the following except _____________: a. Vasodilation b. Extravasation c. Pain d. Apoptosis e. Chemotaxis - CORRECT ANSWER-d. Apoptosis All of the following are involved in the alternative pathway of complement activation except ________ a. C4 b. Factor B c. Factor D d. Properdin e. C5 - CORRECT ANSWER-a. C4 A(n) _____________ is an inactive form of an enzyme that frequently participate in a cascade of enzymatic reactions ...

cytokines ___________ are small soluble proteins produced by many immune cells and are a way of communication between cells cytokines TLR, NLR or RLR A PRR that lead to mostly activation TLR, NLR or RLR myeloid __________: gives rise to eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes myeloid lymphoid __________: gives rise to T, B and NK cells lymphoid scavenger, lectin A PRR that lead mostly to phagocytosis scavenger, lectin IFN _________ are cytokines that interfere with viral replicat...

Which of the following situations is an example of horizontal violence? - CORRECT ANSWER-A nurse blames a peer for her error A nurse is reviewing information related to balancing autonomy with boundaries. Which of the following phrases should the nurse expect to find related to the concept of boundaries? - CORRECT ANSWER-Guided by state nurse practice acts Which of the following actions demonstrates the professional concept of assertiveness? - CORRECT ANSWER-Boldly sharing conflicting ide...

Which of the following is a characteristic of a mentor? - CORRECT ANSWERAssists protege in professional developmental Which of the following is a characteristic associated with Kramer's honeymoon phase of reality? - CORRECT ANSWER-Excitement A member is assisting a new graduate nurse develop strategies to transition successfully from student to professional nurse. The mentor should intervene if the new nurse incorporates which of the following strategies? - CORRECT ANSWER-Evaluates grow...

A nurse acting to accomplish goals in an efficient manner with other people is fulfilling which of the following roles? a. Change agent b. Manager c. Educator b. Manager Nurse managers plan, direct, monitor, and evaluate the nursing care provided to a variety of patient populations. But even a nurse with no formal title functions in the manager role whenever the nurse acts to accomplish something in an efficient manner with other people. Which of the following makes it acceptable to re...

Which of the following situations is an example of horizontal violence? -A nurse blames a peer for her error -A provider openly scorns a charge nurse -An assistive personnel is belittled by a nurse manager - CORRECT ANSWER-A nurse blames a peer for her error Horizontal violence occurs between persons at the same or equal level or rank. A nurse blaming a peer is horizontal violence. A nurse is reviewing information related to balancing autonomy with boundaries. Which of the following phra...

A nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative. Which of the following actions by the nurse demonstrates the professional characteristic of autonomy? - CORRECT ANSWER-Making a decision about when to administer PRN pan medication. A nurse manager is meeting with staff nurses to discuss evidence-based practice. The nurse manager should inform the staff nurses that evidence based practice does what? - CORRECT ANSWER-serves as a catalyst to improve the quality of care. a staff nurse vol...

what organization is responsible for authorizing the practice of nursing? A) State board of nursing B) NCLEX C) American Nurses Association - CORRECT ANSWER-state board of nursing -The board of nursing of each state is responsible for authorizing the practice of nursing in that state. Which of the following provisions in the ANA code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements describes the duty of nurses to develop collaborative solutions to broad health issues? A) Provision 4 B...

What phase of reality shock is described by these characteristics: • excitement • sense of accomplishment honeymoon phase What phase of reality shock is described by these characteristics: • fear • where's my instructor • honeymoon is over shock phase What are some typical reactions of outcomes of new nurses being in the shock phase? • complacency • burnout • job hopping What phase of reality shock is described by these characteristics: • reduced anxiety • r...