Aceyourscores

What type of cell does the Giemsa stain? - White blood cells What type of samples are acid-fast stains often performed on? - Sputum samples (thick mucus produced in lungs that can be coughed up) The naked eye can see up to ______ micrometers. - 100 micrometers Cellular organelles can be as small as ______ micrometers. - 0.2 micrometers Does phase contrast need staining? - No What is the difference between phase contrast compared to brightfield? - You are able to visualize things t...

What is the total magnification on (relative to your eye) of a sample imaged with a 60x objective and a 10x eyepiece? Show your math. - 60x objective x 10x ocular = 600x magnification True or False: Staining is often required to image a cell that is adherent and flat (thin). - True Adherent, flat and unstained cells are almost invisible due to the limits on both resolution and contrast. Therefore, cell staining is often required to adequately image the sample. True or False: A cell th...

The incident commander - the general briefing is critical to creating a common operational picture of the incident. This briefing is usually conducted by drive changes in training, equipment, material - A thorough critique or After Action Review is a critical component of all aspects of emergency response. A critique may help managers In Service - Resources at an incident will be one of the following Last Known Point (LKP) - is defined as the last place the subject is verifiably known t...

What is believing in a Recoverees capacity for producing a desired result? - Supporting Self Efficacy The way we ask good questions is by: - Motivational Interviewing Which stage of change describes the Recoveree actively making changes to target behavior? - Action What is defined as the depth and breadth of internal and external resources that can be drawn upon to initiate and sustain recovery? - Recovery Capital What do we call the document to help Recoverees set goals in the CCAR ...

What is the relationship between pathogen load and the severity of symptoms? A) Higher pathogen load typically correlates with more severe symptoms B) A high pathogen load usually results in no symptoms C) Pathogen load has no effect on symptom severity D) A low pathogen load causes severe symptoms - A) Higher pathogen load typically correlates with more severe symptoms Which stage of infection involves the host repairing tissue damage and returning to normal health? A) Incubation period...

Crohn's disease S&S - abd pain, diarrhea, dehydration, bloody stools, malabsorption, malnutrition, weight loss, intestinal obstruction from chronic inflammation, fistulas and perforation of the intestine Diverticular disease - Characterized as the presence of diverticula in the large intestine. Risk factors include older age, genetic predisposition, obesity, smoking, diet, lack of exercise, ASA and other NSAIDS, altered DI microbiome and abnormal colonic peristalsis Diverticulosis/Diver...

Mast cell degranulation leads to: (5) - Histamine cytokines leukotrienes prostaglandins platelet activating factor histamine does what? - vasodilation/increased permeability increased blood flow to site local swelling/erythema cytokines do what (in mast cell degranulation) - TNF--leukocyte emigration, inc permeability IL 13--chemotaxis, B cell proliferation and antibody productuon IL4--Bcel proliferation and antibody production Which interlukin is elevated early in inflammat...

Myxedema coma - thyroid emergency which has the opposite effect of thyroid storm. Results in decreased LOC and is usually precipitated by an event such as infection, discontinuation of thyroid medications, narcotic or sedative use. other S&S hypotension, hypoventilation, shivering, hypothermia, lactic acidosis, coma, and hypoglycemia. Type 1 DM - 3 types: 1A is autoimmune, 1B is idiopathic and 3c is associated with chronic pancreatitis. in 1A: autoimmune response destroys the beta cells in th...

Metaplasia examples - Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers). Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart burn. Carcinoma in situ - Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and bronchus Hypoxic injury - 1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxiation, drowning) 2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hem...

What is the primary characteristic of shock? A) Hypertension B) Inadequate tissue perfusion C) Increased oxygen delivery D) Increased cardiac output - B) Inadequate tissue perfusion Rationale: Shock is defined by inadequate tissue perfusion, leading to decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery to cells. Which of the following best describes the primary consequence of anaerobic metabolism in shock? A) Increased ATP production B) Increased oxygen consumption C) Lactic acid accumulation ...

What is the primary reason benign tumors are less harmful than malignant tumors? A. Benign tumors cannot grow larger than a specific size B. Benign tumors do not metastasize or invade nearby tissues C. Benign tumors have poorly defined boundaries D. Benign tumors always regress naturally - B. Benign tumors do not metastasize or invade nearby tissues Which of the following is an example of a malignant tumor? A. Fibroid B. Lipoma C. Carcinoma D. Adenoma - C. Carcinoma What is the ter...

Which of the following cells is responsible for detecting and destroying infected cells in the innate immune system? A) B lymphocytes B) Natural killer (NK) cells C) Helper T cells D) Dendritic cells - B) Natural killer (NK) cells Which of the following immunoglobulins is primarily found in mucosal areas such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts? A) IgA B) IgM C) IgG D) IgE - A) IgA Which of the following describes the role of T lymphocytes in adaptive immunity? A) Produ...

What role do irritants play in restrictive lung diseases? - Irritants such as aspirated fluids or inhaled toxins, can cause bronchial inflammation, atelectasis, and decreased compliance in the lungs. A clinical measure used to assess the severity of oxygenation disorders, calculated by subtracting arterial oxygen levels from alveolar oxygen levels. - Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient What characterizes hypoxemic respiratory failure? - Reduced O2 in arterial blood, typically with a PAO2 les...

Which nervous system promotes bronchodilation? A) Parasympathetic B) Sympathetic C) Enteric D) Somatic - B) Sympathetic Rationale: The sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine, activating beta-2 receptors to cause bronchodilation. Which mediator causes bronchoconstriction in asthma? A) Epinephrine B) Acetylcholine C) Leukotrienes D) Dopamine - C) Leukotrienes Rationale: Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators that promote bronchoconstriction in asthma. What effect does...

Which brain region is primarily involved in processing reward and pleasure related to food intake? A) Amygdala B) Prefrontal cortex C) Nucleus accumbens D) Hippocampus - Answer: C) Nucleus accumbens Rationale: The nucleus accumbens is involved in the reward pathway, which can contribute to overeating. What is the primary factor that affects an individual's Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)? A) Gender B) Muscle mass C) Stress levels D) Caffeine intake - Answer: B) Muscle mass Rationa...

Which hematological cancer affects plasma cells in the bone marrow? A) Lymphoma B) Myeloma C) Leukemia D) Hemophilia - Answer: B) Myeloma Rationale: Myeloma is characterized by cancerous growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow. What stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to hypoxia? A) Interferon B) Thrombopoietin C) Erythropoietin D) Cortisol - Answer: C) Erythropoietin Rationale: Erythropoietin, primarily produced by the kidneys, stimulates RBC production d...

Mr. Mills, a 38-year-old patient, presents with severe rectal pain and fever. Which condition might be the cause of the symptoms? A. An imperforate anus B. A perianal abscess C. Benign prostatic hypertrophy D. An anorectal fistula - B: CorrectPerianal abscess is an infection of the soft tissues surrounding the anal canal, with formation of a discrete abscess cavity. Symptoms include tenderness, fever, and pain on defecation or with sitting or walking. "Boggy, enlarged, and tender...

Basic Rules for Building the History - • Introduce yourself • Address patient properly • Be courteous • Make eye contact • Do not overtire patient • Do not be judgmental • Be flexible Avoid medical jargon • Take notes sparingly • Avoid leading questions • Start with general concerns, then move to specific descriptions. • Clarify responses with where, when, what, how, and why questions. • Verify and summarize what you have heard Building the History - • Id...

Mr. Jones is a 45-year-old patient who presents to the office. A person's definition of illness is likely to be most influenced by A. race. B. socioeconomic class. C. enculturation. D. age group. - C. enculturation As the healthcare provider, you are informing a patient that he or she has a terminal illness. This discussion is most likely to be discouraged in which cultural group? A. Navajo Native Americans B. Dominant Americans C. First-generation African descendants D. First-gene...

Warts - Epidermal neoplasms caused by viral infection digital mucous cyst - Cyst-like structure that contain a clear jelly-like substance Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy - Benign dermatitis that usually arises in the third trimester of a first pregnancy seborrheic dermatitis - Chronic, recurrent, erythematous scaling eruption localized in areas where sebaceous glands are concentrated Miliaria rubra - Caused by blocked sweat ducts and trapped sweat beneath the skin Impetigo - com...