Ru’s Notes

This document highlights chemical bonding, polar and non-polar covalent bonds, dative covalent bonds, ionic bond, metallic bond and molecular shapes

This document highlights london forces, dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, the hydrogen bond, molecular solids, giant network solids, ionic solids and metallic solids

This document highlights relative atomic mass, the mole, Avogadro’s number, mole calculations, volume and molar volume, concentrations, dissociation, ionisation, stoichiometric calculations, determining limiting reagents, percentage yield and polyatomic ions

This document highlights the collision theory, successful collision conditions, energy changes in reactions, exothermic reactions, endothermic reactions, potential energy profiles, rates of reaction, practical methods of measuring rate, graphs: amount (mol) vs time, potential energy graph and the Boltzmann distribution graph, factors that affect rate: the nature of the reactants, concentration, temperature, pressure, surface area and catalysts

This document highlights open, closed and isolated systems, reversible reactions, dynamic chemical equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle, Factors that affect dynamic equilibrium: change in temperature, concentration and pressure as well as how these affect the rate vs time and amount (mol) vs time graphs, rate laws, applying equilibrium principles to industrial processes: the Haver process (synthesis of ammonia), the Contact process (synthesis of sulphuric acid and the Ostwald process (synthes...

This document highlights redox reactions, oxidation states, standard electrode potentials, spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions, half-cells, standard hydrogen electrode, galvanic cells, cell notation, standard cell potential calculations, electrolytic cells, electrolysis, electroplating, electro-refining of copper, Hall Heroult process (industrial extraction of aluminium), Chlor Alkali industry, the mercury cell, the diaphragm cell and the membrane cell

This document highlights what acids and bases are, acid strength, the equilibrium constant (Ka) for strong and weak acids, base strength, the equilibrium constant (Kb) for strong and weak bases, amphiprotic substances, the autoprotolysis (auto-ionisation) of water, the pH scale, acid-base reactions, conjugate acid-base pairs, salt hydrolysis, acidic, basic and neutral solutions, indicators, titrations: method and calculations

This document highlights the important features of carbon, hydrocarbons, naming organic compounds, isomerism, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, intermolecular forces in organic chemistry and organic chemical reactions: combustion, addition, substitution and elimination.