Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

This document provides introduction to the early diverging subphylums- Urochordata and Cephalochordata of the phylum Chordata.

This document provides summary on various feeding methods used by animals. It emphasizes on how the feeding methods change with food type and food quality (determined by Carbon:Nitrogen ratio)

This document provides introduction to Phylum Platyhelminthes and its classes including the parasitic ones. Also, covers the many adaptations of Annelids to increase their functionality.

This document provides in depth knowledge on classes of Cnideria.

This document provides introduction to basal phylums of Animalia kingdom- Porifera, Cnideria, Placozoa, and others. Many of them are contenders for early animals. The document also provides information on protists, and their relation to Animalia.

The document provides in depth knowledge on adaptations of phylum Arthropoda that made them a successful group. In addition, goes into the classes and subphylums of Arthropoda. Also, provides phylogentic relations of the phylum in relation to other phylum in Lophotrochozoa.

Most of our explanation rely on TINBERGEN’s 4 WHY's. Therefore, this is used to understand animals behave in a certain manner. cases- Male turkey triggered with female head only, method used by ladybirds to identify aphids, why do parrots dance, and navigation system in birds

This document provides introduction to sexual selection in form male competition and female choice in animals. It contains many examples and interesting mating behaviors.

The document provide in depth knowledge on cell wall structures in various organisms. It is intermediate level cell biology course knowledge. the following notes were created during second year of bachelor science programme.