NR 283 (NR283)

Be sure to cover pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, nursing considerations, diagnostic tests for the following topics: Endocrine SIADH- Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone Too much ADH (antidiuretic hormone ) secretion leads to water intoxication and hyponatremia Causes include trauma, stroke, malignancies (often in the lungs or pancreas), medications, and stress S/S include signs of fluid volume overload, changes in level of consciousness and mental status changes, w...

All right guys here is endocrine! Overview- functions of the endocrine system provide growth & reproductive capabilities. Dysfunction of the endocrine system includes excessive or insufficient function of the endocrine gland with alterations in hormone levels caused by either hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormone abnormal hormone levels. Dysfunction of an endocrine gland can also be due to: 1) feedback systems failure to function or respond to inappropriate signals,...

1. Define Pathophysiology. • The study of diseases; what is taking place (or what happens) when things go wrong; it builds on anatomy. 2. Define Diagnosis, Cause, Predisposing factors, and Pathogenesis. • Diagnosis  Refers to the identification of a specific disease through the evaluation of signs and symptoms, laboratory tests (see inside cover and Ready Reference 5 in the Appendix). • Causes  The causative factors of a disease. Some agents include congenital defects, inher...

1. Define epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. • Epidermis: Consists of 5 layers that vary in thickness @ different areas of the body; no blood vessels or nerves are present; contains melanocytes (specialized pigment-producing cells);5 layers include: stratum basale (innermost layer located on the basement membrane and only layer where mitosis occurs), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (present primarily in thick skin), and the stratum corneum (outer most layer). ...

1. Define pathophysiology. - involves the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes 2. Define homeostasis. - a relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature, and pH, maintained by the various control mechanisms 3. Discuss the terms acute vs chronic. Provide examples. - Acute rejection develops after several weeks when unmatched antigens cause a reaction - Chronic or late rejec...

1. Viral infections a. Take antiviral to reduce viral shedding (can’t proliferate) 2. Autoimmune skin disorders a. Shingles b. Pemphigus  blisters i. 2 forms = vulgaris & foliaceus ii. Antibodies disrupt the cohesion between the epidermal cells causing blisters to form iii. Treatment = systemic glucocorticoids such as prednisone & other immunosuppressants 3. Psoriasis a. A chronic inflammatory skin disorder caused by abnormal T cell activation b. Cells are shedding epithelium a lo...

1. Define the following:and give an example of each a. Macule Less than 1 cm, flat, well defined border. Includes freckles and measles. b. Papule Small firm and usually elevated, < 1 cm, solid mass, circumscribed border. Includes moles and warts c. Nodule Elevated, solid, palpable mass, 1-2 cm. Includes small lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma and fibroma. d. Pustule Elevated, lesion, usually contains purulent. Includes acne and impetigo e. Vesicle ...

1. EDEMA Increased capillary permeability 2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA -Cardiac dysrhythmias 3. PARATHYROID HORMONE (4 Scenarios) -produced in parathyroid gland which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland -Calcium balance and phosphorus level is controlled by parathyroid hormone -Hypoparathyroidism can lead to hypocalcemia -Hyperparathyroidism can lead to hypercalcemia and bone demineralization that may cause spontaneous fractures. 4. ACIDOSIS (He said gener...

Layers of skin: *varies in layer of thickness • Epidermis a. Avascular/no nerves b. Consists of 5 layers c. Hair follicles d. glands • Dermis a. Elastic fibers b. Collagen fibers c. Flexibility & strength of the skin d. Contains nerves & blood vessels • Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) a. Connective tissue b. Fat cells c. Blood vessels d. Nerves e. Macrophages f. fibroblasts Keratin: waterproofing of the skin Melanin: skin pigment- determines color of skin Albinisim: l...

Gastrointestinal • GI bleeding a. Upper GI bleeding: esophagus, stomach, duodenum b. Lower GI bleeding: jejenum, ileum, colon, rectum Hematemesis: bloody vomit (from esophagus) Hematochezia: bright-red blood (colon, rectum “hemmoroid”) Melena: burgundy color (old blood; jejunum) Occult bleeding: hidden bleeding (blood cells present in feces) Hiatal Hernia: • part of the stomach protrudes through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity • Cause: too muc...