Microbiology

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY The course is designed to enable learners to apply the concepts and principles of medical parasitology to Course Purpose provide nursing care to patients/clients. Describe classification, characteristics, the life cycle and pathology of parasites of medical importance. Carry out and interpret procedures for identification Learning Outcomes By the end of the course the learner will be able to: 1. 2. of parasites. 1. Apply parasitological concepts ...

STRAIGHTERLINE MICROBIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE & UPDATED SOLUTIONS In the nitrogen cycle, which of the following steps involves removal of nitrogen from the atmosphere by bacteria? Correct Answer Nitrogen Fixation If enough H+ ions are added to pure water to raise the H+ concentration of the solution to ten times higher than the original concentration, what is the resulting OH- concentration of the solution? Correct Answer 10-8 M Fungi are able to reproduce asexually by ...

Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale. Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale. • Quartan – 72 hr erythrocytes break; attacks three days, P. malariae. Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break;...

Modes of Disease Transmission by Arthropods • Propagative - increase in number of pathogens in host arthropod, with no developmental changes in pathogens, eg Yellow Fever, Typhus • Cyclopropagative - involves multiplication in numbers as well as change in developmental stages of pathogens. Eg Plasmodium in Anophelines • Cyclodevelopmental- only changes in developmental stages of pathogens and no multiplication or increase in numbers. Eg Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex mosquito • Transo...

Nematodes General features: 1. Elongated worm, cylindrical, unsegmented and tapering at both ends. 2. Variable in size, measure <1 cm to about IOOcm. 3. Sex separate and male is smaller than female Location of Nematodes: Intestinal nematodes Tissue nematodes I težtfhal Ne todes  Common intestinal nematode infections: 1. Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis (Pinworm,seatworm,threadworm) 2. Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) 3. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) 4. Ancylostoma duo...

Liver Flukes  Fasciola hepatica  Clonorchis sinensis Fasciola hepatica F. gigantica Fasciola hepatica: Morphology…. • Adult fluke – Flat leaf like body – 20-30mm long – 8-15mm wide – Brown/grey Clonorchis sinensis Fascioliasis •Causal Agent: • The trematodes Fasciola hepatica (the sheep liver fluke) and Fasciola gigantica, parasites of herbivores that can infect humans accidentally. • Geographic Distribution: • Fascioliasis occurs world...

HYMENOLEPIASIS caused by Hymenolepis nana H. diminuta Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) • Adult worm measures 1-4.5 cm in length. • four suckers and armed with one row of hooks • In the mature segment, there are three testes in the middle H. nana…… anatomy H. nana……. Infective stage and mode of infection • The egg, which is immediately infective when passed by the patient • It is rounded, about 40 microns in diameter • contains a six- hooked oncosphere with...

4 subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion. • The amoebae (Sarcodina) move by means of pseudopodia. • The flagellates (Mastigophora) typically move by long, whiplike flagellae. • The ciliates (Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. • The sporozoans (Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility. Move by Gliding, wriggling etc Basic Properties of Protozoa Cellular properties  - Eukaryotic microorganisms havin...

General characteristics: 1.The class trematoda falls into two main subclasses, the Monogenea, which have a direct life cycle, and the Digenea, which require an intermediate host, are of medical significance 2. The adult digenetic trematodes, commonly called `flukes', occur primarily in the bile ducts, alimentary tract and vascular system. 3. Most flukes are flattened dorsoventrally, have a blind alimentary tract, suckers for attachment 4.Depending on the predilection site, the...

TAENIASIS Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) • In adult stage, T. saginata inhabits the upper jejunum • it may survive for as long as 25 years • It causes intestinal infection, Taeniasis • It has worldwide distribution Scolex…… Taenia saginata….. Morphology • Adult worm measures 5-10 meters in length • The pyriform scolex has 4 suckers but no rostellum • The mature segments have irregularly alternate lateral genital pores • uterus made up of a median s...